10 Most Influential Dutch Lawyers and Scholars

Published in

Heritage Digest

13 min readJul 7, 2024

The Netherlands has been home to many remarkable legal minds whose influence has extended beyond national borders. From pioneering jurists to influential advocates for justice, these ten Dutch lawyers have played crucial roles in shaping Dutch law and the international legal landscape.

Hugo Grotius (1583–1645)
Tobias Asser (1838–1913)
Rudolph Cleveringa (1894–1980)
Willem Visser ‘t Hooft (1900–1985)
Bram Moszkowicz (1960-present)
Pieter van Vollenhoven (1939-present)
Els Borst (1932–2014)
Gerard Spong (1946-present)
Cornelis van Bijnkershoek (1673–1743)
Johan van Oldenbarnevelt (1547–1619)

1. Hugo Grotius (1583–1645)

Hugo Grotius, born on April 10, 1583, in Delft, Netherlands, was a prodigious talent from a young age. His father, Jan Cornets de Groot, was a prominent figure, studying with Justus Lipsius at Leiden University and contributing to local government. This intellectual and political environment profoundly influenced Grotius, and he enrolled at Leiden University at eleven.

Grotius’ legal career was marked by his groundbreaking contributions to international law and political theory. His major works, “De Jure Belli ac Pacis” and “Mare Liberum,” established foundational principles for international law, particularly the concept of natural law and the freedom of the seas. These works earned him the title of the “father of international law.” His thoughts on natural law were ahead of their time, influencing later legal and philosophical discussions.

Despite his legal and intellectual prowess, Grotius faced significant challenges. His involvement in the religious and political controversies of the Dutch Republic led to his imprisonment. However, his dramatic escape from Loevestein Castle in a chest of books is a testament to his resilience. After escaping, Grotius lived in exile in France, where he continued to write and influence legal thought. He passed away on August 28, 1645, leaving a lasting legacy in law, philosophy, and theology.

2. Tobias Asser (1838–1913)

Tobias Michael Carel Asser, born on April 28, 1838, in Amsterdam, grew up in a Jewish family with a rich legal heritage. His father, Carel Daniel Asser, and grandfather, Carel Asser, were influential in his early life, likely nurturing his interest in law. Asser’s education at the University of Amsterdam and Leiden University laid a solid foundation for his distinguished career in legal scholarship.

As a legal scholar, Asser made substantial contributions to private international law. He co-founded the “Revue de Droit International et de Législation Comparée” and the “Institut de Droit International,” demonstrating his commitment to advancing legal understanding and cooperation internationally. His membership in the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences from 1880 further attests to his standing in the legal community.

Asser’s most significant achievement was establishing the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH). His belief in the importance of legal frameworks for private cross-border relationships led to the Hague Conventions, which unified rules in various legal areas. His efforts earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1911, a testament to his impact on international law and peace. Asser passed away on July 29, 1913, leaving a legacy as a key figure in the development of modern international law.

3. Rudolph Cleveringa (1894–1980)

Rudolph Pabus Cleveringa was born on April 2, 1894, in Appingedam, Netherlands. Early in life, he saw a move to Heerenveen when he was just four. The details of his parents’ professions are not specifically documented, but his upbringing led him to pursue an education in law. Cleveringa completed his secondary education in Leeuwarden and later attended Leiden University, studying under Professor van Kleffens. He excelled academically, obtaining his PhD cum laude in 1919 with a thesis focusing on legal history.

Cleveringa’s professional career was distinguished by his appointment as a Professor of Commercial Law and Civil Law at Leiden University. However, his profound impact as a legal professional came from his brave and principled stand during World War II. On November 26, 1940, he delivered a historic speech at the university, protesting against the Nazi occupation’s dismissal of Jewish colleagues, including his mentor, Professor Eduard Maurits Meijers. This speech, focusing on the scientific merits rather than political or racial issues, was a significant act of resistance against the Nazi regime.

Following his courageous speech, Cleveringa was arrested and imprisoned until the summer of 1941. He continued to play a role in the Dutch resistance and was again imprisoned in 1944 in Camp Vught. After the war, he returned to Leiden University as a professor and was honored by the American government with the Medal of Freedom in 1953 for his resistance efforts. His legacy continued with the establishment of the Cleveringa chair at Leiden University and his speech being named the best speech of the Netherlands in 2015. Cleveringa passed away on December 15, 1980, in Oegstgeest, Netherlands, leaving a legacy of courage and commitment to justice.

4. Willem Visser ‘t Hooft (1900–1985)

Willem Adolph Visser ‘t Hooft, born on September 20, 1900, in Haarlem, Netherlands, was not primarily known for his contributions as a lawyer or legal professional but as a significant theologian and ecumenical leader. His early involvement in the Dutch student Christian movement and his international engagement laid the groundwork for his later achievements. Visser ‘t Hooft pursued his education focusing on theology, culminating in his doctoral dissertation on the “social gospel” movement at the University of Leiden in 1928.

Visser ‘t Hooft’s major professional achievements were deeply intertwined with his role in the ecumenical movement. His dedication to this cause was evident in his work as editor of “The Student World,” a World’s Student Christian Federation publication. Moreover, his active involvement in the resistance against Nazism during World War II demonstrated his commitment to justice and humanitarian causes. His apartment in Geneva became a crucial meeting place for members of the German Resistance against the Third Reich.

His most significant contribution was his appointment as the first secretary-general of the World Council of Churches (WCC) in 1938, a position he held until his retirement in 1966. Under his leadership, the WCC grew in influence and scope, promoting ecumenical dialogue and cooperation. Visser ‘t Hooft’s prolific writing, which included 15 books and numerous articles and letters, further solidified his status as a key figure in the ecumenical movement. His work gained recognition on a global scale, as evidenced by a 1961 cover story in Time magazine. Visser ‘t Hooft passed away on July 4, 1985, impacting theological discourse and ecumenical collaboration.

5. Bram Moszkowicz (1960-present)

Bram Moszkowicz, born on June 26, 1960, in Maastricht, Netherlands, is a prominent figure in Dutch legal circles. Raised in a family deeply rooted in the legal profession, with his father, Max Moszkowicz Sr., a well-respected lawyer, Bram followed in his family’s footsteps. He completed his secondary education in Maastricht and then studied law in Amsterdam, joining the A.S.C./A.V.S.V. during his student days. He developed a keen interest in law from a young age, frequently attending his father’s pleas.

Moszkowicz’s legal career is marked by his representation of several high-profile clients, making him a well-known figure in the field of criminal law. He gained attention for representing controversial figures such as Desi Bouterse, Willem Endstra, Willem Holleeder, and politician Geert Wilders. His approach to high-profile cases and public persona have made him a subject of admiration and criticism. His representation of Bouterse, in particular, attracted controversy due to his familial connections and how he publicly interacted with Bouterse.

Despite his successful career as a lawyer, Moszkowicz faced significant professional challenges. He was accused of failing to adhere to various legal and ethical standards, eventually leading to his removal from the tableau, effectively barring him from practicing law. This decision was confirmed on appeal in 2013. Post his legal career, Moszkowicz ventured into politics briefly and became a familiar face on Dutch television, contributing as a crime expert and participating in several programs. His journey from a high-profile lawyer to a media personality highlights the multifaceted aspects of his career and public life.

6. Pieter van Vollenhoven (1939-present)

Pieter van Vollenhoven Jr., born on April 30, 1939, in Schiedam, Netherlands, is recognized for his royal connection as the husband of Princess Margriet of the Netherlands and his significant contributions to the legal and safety fields. Born into the Dutch patriciate, van Vollenhoven was raised in a family with a strong heritage, his father being Pieter van Vollenhoven Sr. and his mother Jacoba Gijsbertha Stuylingh de Lange. He pursued his education in law at Leiden University, following his secondary education in Rotterdam. Post-graduation in 1965, he worked as a legal officer for the Netherlands Council of State, showcasing his dedication to public service and legal affairs.

Van Vollenhoven’s most notable contribution is in the area of public safety. He is widely respected for his role as the chairman of the Dutch Safety Board, from which he retired in February 2011. His tenure saw the transformation of the Transportation Safety Council into a general Safety Board, reflecting his belief in the need for a unified approach to safety across various sectors. His efforts significantly influenced the safety protocols in the Netherlands, making him a key figure in the field. Additionally, his appointment as a professor at the University of Twente in 2005 highlights his expertise and commitment to enhancing safety and risk management.

Beyond his professional achievements, van Vollenhoven is recognized for his civic involvement and humanitarian efforts. He established the Dutch Victim Support Fund in 1989 and has held various chairmanships, including the Nationaal Groenfonds and the Society, Safety and Police Association. His leadership in these organizations emphasizes his dedication to social causes and public welfare. As an individual deeply involved in promoting safety and supporting victims, van Vollenhoven’s contributions extend beyond academia and law, marking him as a significant figure in Dutch public life.

7. Els Borst (1932–2014)

Els Borst-Eilers, born on March 22, 1932, in Amsterdam, Netherlands, was a renowned Dutch politician and physician who significantly impacted the health policy field. Her parents’ backgrounds are not widely documented, but Borst’s academic journey began at the Barlaeus Gymnasium in Amsterdam, where she graduated in 1950. She pursued her medical education at the University of Amsterdam, receiving her medical degree in 1958. Her early career included specialization in pediatric medicine and immunohaematology, where she made notable contributions.

Borst’s career in the medical field was diverse and impactful. She worked as a medical researcher and physician, becoming the blood bank director at the University Medical Center Utrecht. Her administrative role expanded as she became the hospital’s administrator, demonstrating her leadership in healthcare management. In 1986, Borst transitioned to a significant role as the Vice Chairwoman of the Health Council while also serving as a professor of medical ethics at the University of Amsterdam. These positions allowed her to influence medical policy and ethics significantly, showcasing her expertise beyond clinical medicine.

Politically, Borst was a prominent figure in the Democrats 66 (D66) party. She served as Minister of Health, Welfare, and Sport, where she introduced progressive legislation in medical ethics and aimed to reform the medical system. Notably, in 2001, she implemented a law legalizing euthanasia under specific conditions, marking a significant achievement in her political career. Her efforts in healthcare reform were aimed at addressing the challenges of an aging population. Post-retirement, Borst remained active in public affairs and passionately advocated cancer research. Tragically, she was murdered in her home on February 8, 2014, by a mentally unstable individual, marking a sad end to a life dedicated to public service and healthcare advancement.

8. Gerard Spong (1946-present)

Gerard Spong, a prominent Dutch lawyer, was born in Paramaribo, Suriname, on June 9, 1946. His early life involved a significant move to Oegstgeest in the Netherlands in 1962. Spong’s family background, including his parents’ professions, is not widely documented. However, his move to the Netherlands marked a pivotal transition. His law and political science education at the University of Amsterdam from 1967 to 1973 laid the foundation for his distinguished legal career. After completing his studies, Spong briefly returned to Paramaribo, where he started his career as a sworn lawyer before relocating back to Amsterdam.

In Amsterdam, Spong co-founded the law firm Wladimiroff & Spong Advocaten with Mischa Wladimiroff, specializing in criminal law. His career is noted for high-profile cases and his expertise in this field. In 1978, he gained significant attention for defending members of the Red Army Faction, a radical left-wing group, against extradition requests from West Germany. His involvement in politically sensitive and complex cases demonstrated his prowess in criminal defense.

Spong’s career also saw him defending opponents of Surinamese dictator Desi Bouterse in 1980. This involvement led to his temporary arrest and interrogation by the military, underlining the risks he faced in his profession. Additionally, Spong’s willingness to challenge controversial figures was exemplified in 2008 when he offered to file charges against Dutch politician Geert Wilders for hate speech, leading to a high-profile trial in 2011. Despite receiving death threats during this period, Spong’s commitment to legal principles and justice remained unwavering. His contributions to Dutch law, particularly in high-stakes political and criminal cases, mark him as a significant figure in legal advocacy.

9. Cornelis van Bijnkershoek (1673–1743)

Cornelis van Bijnkershoek was born on May 29, 1673, in Middelburg, Netherlands. The details of his early upbringing, including information about his parents, are not well-documented. He pursued his education at the University of Franeker, focusing on jurisprudence. His studies in law set the stage for his future contributions to legal theory and international law.

Van Bijnkershoek’s significant contribution to law was his work on the common law of the Netherlands, where he sought to incorporate the principles of Roman law. His efforts were pivotal in shaping the legal landscape of his country. He produced influential works in international law, such as “De Dominio Maris Dissertatio” (1702) and “Observes Juris Romani” (1710). His treatises, particularly on the Law of the Sea, extended and applied Hugo Grotius’ theories in practical terms. These publications earned him significant recognition in the legal community, and complete editions of his works were posthumously published in Geneva and Leiden.

In 1724, van Bijnkershoek was appointed president of the Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland (Supreme Court of the Dutch Republic), a position he held until his death on April 16, 1743, in The Hague. Significant legal reforms marked his tenure at the Supreme Court. He is particularly remembered for advancing the Law of the Sea, notably the “cannon shot rule,” which became an internationally accepted standard for determining the territorial sea’s width. This rule stipulated that a nation’s territorial waters extend as far as a cannon shot could reach from the shore, a practical translation of the effective control principle he championed.

10. Johan van Oldenbarnevelt (1547–1619)

Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, born on September 14, 1547, in Amersfoort, was a notable Dutch statesman and lawyer who significantly influenced the Dutch struggle for independence from the Habsburg Spanish Empire. His upbringing and the professions of his parents are not extensively documented. He received a comprehensive education in law at several prestigious universities, including Leuven, Bourges, Heidelberg, and Padua. This education laid the foundation for his impactful career in law and politics. He also traveled in France and Italy, further broadening his legal and cultural knowledge.

Van Oldenbarnevelt’s major achievements began with his support for William the Silent during the revolt against Philip II of Spain. His legal and political acumen rapidly brought him to prominent positions, including becoming the pensionary of Rotterdam. His influence grew significantly when he became the Land’s Advocate of Holland for the States of Holland and West Friesland in 1586, a position he held for over three decades. In this role, he effectively became the political figurehead of the province and a crucial player in the administration of the young Dutch Republic. His tenure saw him navigate through internal political challenges and external threats, particularly from Spain, cementing his status as a key architect of the Dutch state.

Van Oldenbarnevelt’s later years were marked by his involvement in the religious-political controversy between Arminians and Gomarists, which divided the Dutch Republic. His support for the Arminians increased tensions with military leader Maurice of Nassau. This conflict culminated in his arrest and subsequent trial by a special court. Despite his extensive contributions to the Dutch Republic and its independence, van Oldenbarnevelt was executed in The Hague on May 13, 1619. His execution was controversial and remains a significant event in Dutch history, reflecting the volatile intersection of politics, religion, and law in the era. His legacy continues to be remembered for his crucial role in establishing and administrating the Dutch Republic.