10 Most Influential Swedish Doctors Throughout History

Published in

Heritage Digest

10 min readMay 25, 2024

Sweden has been home to some of the world’s most pioneering doctors, whose contributions have impacted medicine. These Swedish medical professionals have played key roles in advancing healthcare, from groundbreaking discoveries to innovative treatments. Here’s a look at the ten most influential Swedish doctors throughout history:

Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)
Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell (1903–1982)
Allvar Gullstrand (1862–1930)
Nils Alwall (1904–1986)
Anders Nordström (1960-present)
Axel Munthe (1857–1949)
Sven Ivar Seldinger (1921–1998)
Lars Leksell (1907–1986)
Hans Rosling (1948–2017)
Arvid Carlsson (1923–2018)

1. Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)

Carl Linnaeus was born into a devout Lutheran family on May 23, 1707, in Råshult, Sweden. His father, a curate and amateur botanist, and his mother, a rector's daughter, nurtured Linnaeus’s early interest in the natural world. Educated at Uppsala University, Linnaeus embarked on a transformative journey to the Netherlands, where he published his pivotal work, “Systema Naturae.”

Linnaeus’s contributions to medicine and botany were revolutionary, formalizing the binomial nomenclature and laying the groundwork for modern taxonomy. His travels across Sweden to classify plants and animals further solidified his status as a leading scientific figure of his time. His work in the Netherlands, including the publication of “Systema Naturae,” marked a significant advancement in biological classification.

Linnaeus passed away on January 10, 1778, leaving a legacy as the “father of modern taxonomy.” His naming, classifying, and organizing of living organisms remains foundational in biology. Linnaeus’s influence extended beyond his lifetime, earning him posthumous acclaim as one of Europe’s most esteemed scientists.

2. Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell (1903–1982)

Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell, born on July 6, 1903, in Linköping, Sweden, embarked on a path that would lead him to become a luminary in the medical field. The son of Thure Theorell and Armida Bill, he grew up in an environment that fostered his early interest in science. After completing his secondary education at Katedralskolan in Linköping, Theorell pursued medical studies at the Karolinska Institute, signaling the start of his illustrious career.

Theorell’s academic journey included a significant stint at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, where he studied bacteriology, further sharpening his research skills. In 1930, he was awarded an M.D. degree from the Karolinska Institute for his groundbreaking research on blood plasma lipids. This achievement paved the way for his appointment as a professor in physiological chemistry, marking the beginning of his lifelong dedication to enzyme research.

The pinnacle of Theorell’s career was being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1955 for his discovery of oxidoreductase enzymes. His work provided profound insights into the mechanisms of alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes, revolutionizing our understanding of how alcohol is metabolized in the liver. Theorell’s contributions extended beyond the laboratory, earning him international recognition and honorary degrees from prestigious institutions worldwide. He passed away on August 15, 1982, leaving a legacy that continues to influence the medical and scientific communities.

3. Allvar Gullstrand (1862–1930)

Allvar Gullstrand was born in Landskrona, Sweden, on June 5, 1862. Embarking on an academic journey that diverged from the common paths of his time, Gullstrand dedicated his life to ophthalmology and optics. His passion for applying physical mathematics to understand optical images and light refraction in the eye distinguished him early in his career, leading to his long tenure as a professor at the University of Uppsala from 1894 to 1927.

Gullstrand’s major contributions to medical science include his groundbreaking research on astigmatism and enhancements to the ophthalmoscope. His work significantly improved corrective lenses, especially for patients recovering from cataract surgery. In recognition of his exceptional contributions, Gullstrand was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1911, highlighting his impact on improving eye care and vision correction.

Despite his achievements, Gullstrand’s views on Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity, which he believed to be incorrect, showcased the challenges of interdisciplinary acceptance. Gullstrand passed away on July 28, 1930, in Stockholm, leaving behind a legacy of innovation in ophthalmology and optics. His work continues to influence the field, underlining the importance of his contributions to medical science and vision care.

4. Nils Alwall (1904–1986)

Nils Alwall, born on October 7, 1904, was a pioneering Swedish professor at Lund University who made significant contributions to the field of nephrology. As a medical professional, Alwall is celebrated for his groundbreaking work in hemodialysis, where he invented one of the first practical dialysis machines. His innovative approach to ultrafiltration and hemofiltration earned him the “father of extracorporeal blood treatment,” marking a monumental step forward in kidney replacement therapy.

In 1946, Alwall successfully treated his first patient with acute kidney injury using his modification of the Kolff kidney, a device enclosed in a stainless steel canister that enabled the removal of excess fluid through applied negative pressure. This invention represented the first truly practical device for hemodialysis, setting a new standard in treating kidney failure. Alwall’s development of the arteriovenous shunt for dialysis further exemplified his inventive spirit and dedication to advancing medical treatments for kidney diseases.

Nils Alwall’s contributions extended beyond his inventions; in 1957, he was appointed to the newly created Chair of Nephrology at Lund University. His collaboration with businessman Holger Crafoord led to the founding of Gambro, Inc., a key company manufacturing dialysis equipment. Alwall’s legacy is commemorated through the Nils Alwall Prize, awarded annually for groundbreaking research in kidney replacement therapy. He passed away on February 2, 1986, but his innovations continue to impact the medical community and patients worldwide.

5. Anders Nordström (1960-present)

Anders Nordström, born on March 9, 1960, embarked on his medical journey at the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden, laying the groundwork for a career that would span the globe in health policy and strategic leadership. His early work with the Swedish Red Cross in Cambodia and the International Committee of the Red Cross in Iran showcased his dedication to health care in conflict zones. This commitment would define much of his professional life.

Nordström’s tenure as Acting Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) from May to November 2006 marked a pinnacle in his career, where he stepped in during a crucial period following the death of Lee Jong-wook. His leadership at WHO, particularly his focus on manpower policy for health services in low-income countries, demonstrated his commitment to improving global health infrastructure and addressing the critical shortage of health workers worldwide.

Following his role at WHO, Nordström continued to influence global health policy as Sweden’s first Global Health Ambassador and later as the WHO’s country representative to Sierra Leone. His recent appointment to head the secretariat of the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response underscores his ongoing influence in shaping health policies to address global challenges, solidifying his legacy as a leader in international health.

6. Axel Munthe (1857–1949)

Axel Munthe, born on 31 October 1857 in Oskarshamn, Sweden, embarked on a journey that would lead him to become a renowned physician and psychiatrist. After completing his education in medicine at prestigious institutions, including Uppsala University, Montpellier, and Paris, he graduated as a doctor at the age of 23. His early exposure to neurology under Jean-Martin Charcot at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris began his lifelong fascination with the human mind and its disorders.

Munthe’s career was distinguished not only by his medical practice but also by his humanitarian efforts and love for animals. He dedicated a significant part of his life to treating the poor free of charge and actively participated in medical relief work during war, disaster, and plague. Munthe’s advocacy for animal rights led him to establish a bird sanctuary near his home in Italy, reflecting his deep respect for all living beings. His work in psychiatry and his innovative approach to treating mental illnesses underscored his commitment to improving the well-being of both humans and animals.

Munthe’s legacy is perhaps best encapsulated in his autobiographical work, “The Story of San Michele,” which recounts his life and work with humor and melancholy. The book not only offers insight into Munthe’s medical philosophy and practices but also highlights his profound impact on the fields of medicine and psychiatry. His contributions to improving the understanding of neurological disorders and his compassionate approach to treatment have left an indelible mark on the medical community. Munthe passed away on 11 February 1949, leaving a rich medical innovation and humanitarianism legacy.

7. Sven Ivar Seldinger (1921–1998)

Sven Ivar Seldinger, born on April 19, 1921, in Mora Municipality, Dalarna, Sweden, embarked on a medical career that would revolutionize the field of radiology. Growing up in a family that managed the local Mora Mechanical Workshop, Seldinger was drawn to the medical field, leading him to pursue medical training at the prestigious Karolinska Institute in 1940. After earning his medical degree in 1948, he specialized in radiology, setting the stage for future medical science contributions.

In 1953, Seldinger introduced the Seldinger technique, a groundbreaking method that provided safe access to blood vessels and other hollow organs. This technique, which used a flexible wire to guide catheters into previously inaccessible vascular areas, represented a significant advancement in angiography and other interventional procedures. Seldinger’s innovation facilitated various medical interventions, enhancing patient care and treatment outcomes.

Seldinger’s contributions to medicine were recognized with numerous honors, including the Valentine Award from the New York Academy of Medicine in 1975 and honorary memberships in the Swedish Association of Medical Radiology and the German Roentgen Association. In 1984, he received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Medicine at Uppsala University. Seldinger passed away on February 21, 1998, in his home in Dalarna, leaving behind a legacy that continues to influence the medical profession. His technique remains a fundamental component of radiological and interventional practices worldwide.

8. Lars Leksell (1907–1986)

Lars Leksell, born on November 24, 1907, in Fässberg Parish, Sweden, embarked on a groundbreaking journey in the medical field, leading to significant advancements in neurosurgery. After completing his medical studies at the Karolinska Institute, Leksell specialized in neurosurgery under Herbert Olivecrona. His early scientific achievements, including the development of electronystagmography and a thesis on muscular control, laid the groundwork for his future contributions to medical science.

In the mid-20th century, Leksell revolutionized the field of neurosurgery by inventing radiosurgery and developing the stereotactic frame. This technique allowed for precise targeting within the brain to treat various conditions non-invasively. His work with physicist Borje Larsson led to the creation of the gamma knife, a device that focused radiation on small brain areas, minimizing damage to surrounding tissues. This innovation offered a new, effective treatment method for brain tumors, vascular malformations, and other neurological conditions.

Leksell’s contributions were widely recognized, leading to his appointment as Professor of Neurosurgery at the Karolinska Institute and the establishment of Elekta Instruments, Inc. He passed away in 1986 in the Swiss Alps, leaving a legacy that continues to impact the medical community. His work has paved the way for safer, more precise neurosurgical procedures, benefiting countless patients worldwide.

9. Hans Rosling (1948–2017)

Hans Rosling, born on July 27, 1948, in Uppsala, Sweden, was a visionary Swedish physician and academic who transformed public health data into engaging, understandable insights. His upbringing in a mechanically inclined family influenced his innovative thinking. Rosling pursued medicine and statistics at Uppsala University, becoming a licensed physician in 1976 and later earning his Ph.D. with research on konzo, a neurological disease.

Rosling’s career was marked by his dedication to uncovering and solving global health issues. His work in Mozambique on konzo and subsequent research on various public health concerns demonstrated his commitment to improving health worldwide. He was also a key figure in international health at the Karolinska Institute, contributing significantly to the field through his research and as a beloved educator.

Perhaps best known for co-founding the Gapminder Foundation and developing the Trendalyzer software, Rosling made data and statistics about global development accessible and engaging to the public. His ability to dispel myths and highlight real progress made him a global phenomenon, especially through his TED Talks and posthumously published book, “Factfulness.” Rosling passed away on February 7, 2017 from pancreatic cancer, but his legacy as a pioneer in using data to inspire action continues to influence and educate.

10. Arvid Carlsson (1923–2018)

Arvid Carlsson was born in Uppsala, Sweden, on January 25, 1923. His father, a history professor, influenced the academic environment of his upbringing, though Carlsson chose a different path by studying medicine at Lund University. His early exposure to the medical field, including examining prisoners from Nazi concentration camps, set the stage for his future contributions to neuropharmacology.

Carlsson’s groundbreaking work on dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the brain laid the foundation for modern treatments of Parkinson’s disease. His discovery that administering L-Dopa could alleviate symptoms in animals led to its use in humans, significantly improving the quality of life for patients with Parkinson’s. Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000, Carlsson’s research has impacted medical science and treatment methodologies.

Until his death on June 29, 2018, Carlsson remained an active researcher, contributing to the development of drugs like the first SSRI, zimelidine, and working on dopamine stabilizers for post-stroke fatigue. His work advanced the understanding of neurotransmitters and led to practical treatments that continue to benefit patients worldwide, showcasing his legacy as a pioneer in neuropharmacology.