What if the Universe Is NOT Expanding?

I have long questioned a central group think dogma of astrophysics.

Philosopher Thomas Kuhn argued that science is “a series of peaceful interludes punctuated by intellectually violent revolutions” in which “one conceptual world view is replaced by another.” (The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962) The longer-lasting, more tranquil periods of “normal science” are guided by a dominant paradigm. Astrophysics has been in such a peaceful interlude for decades with its belief that the universe is expanding. The expanding universe theory is a paradigm that guides how astrophysicists’ are thinking about the universe.

As Kuhn stated further, eventually, phenomena will emerge that don’t conform to the paradigm. Kuhn describes the process science then goes through. Initially, it dismisses such maverick data as “anomalies” or minor difficulties that science will eventually solve and fit into the paradigm. Science resists the idea that the prevailing theory and paradigm are false, and it resists alternative theories to explain the anomalies. As anomalous data increase, normal science enters a crisis. Eventually, a new paradigm that better explains the data will emerge and gain a following of scientists who will overthrow the established theory, and a scientific revolution has come about. (How We Are and How We Got Here, 2022)

The Paradigm

The dominant paradigm in astrophysics is that the universe began in a “big bang,”…