Kullab S., (2019). “Tuk Tuk” a newspaper for the Iraqi protest movement. Published by Associated Press News on November 20, 2019. Retrieved from: https://apnews.com/article/d8d7df732d37402b9b366d1eec66bea8
Leaderless uprising: refers to the phenomenon of social movements that are not initiated, guided or influenced by political parties or figures. These movements are best known for their independence, decentralization and popularity among the public. Examples on leaderless uprising include the Arab Spring Revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt, Bahrain, Syria and Yemen.
Censorship: refers to the government’s policies to forbid groups or people from expressing their opinion or thoughts in media types. The article cites the Iraqi government’s continuous attempts to cut internet access to prevent demonstrators from communicating with each other and expressing their opinions. Other forms of censorship also include blocking TV channels and satellites.
Alternative media: is the term referring to the publications that deviate from the media controlled and oppressed by authoritarian governments. Alternative media rises from the need of social movements and rebellious groups to publicize their thoughts and to present the reality that will not be presented on government-controlled media or by mainstream media. “Tuk Tuk” presents one form of alternative media in Iraq, whereas “17th of October” is a similar form of alternative media produced in Lebanon as an outcome of the October protests in 2019.
Grassroot Protest Movement: refers to the social movements that are initiated and driven by social injustice, poverty and unemployment, and they are often acts of the lower and middle classes in society. The term grassroot is the opposite of elites, thus referring to the underground connections, values and dynamics that result from protests and movements motivated by social justice and equality.
Aboudari, S. (2020). Maher al-Akhras ends his hunger strike. Published by Middle East Eye on November 8, 2020. Retrieved from: https://www.middleeasteye.net/video/maher-al-akhras-ends-his-hunger-strike
Hunger Strike: is a mode of non-violent resistance, where an individual or group of individuals decide to voluntarily refuse to eat in order to achieve their political or moral goals by exerting pressure on powerful authorities. Hunger strikes are often applied by political prisoners to achieve their demands from oppressive authorities. A famous example on hunger strike is the one that was performed by Irish prisoners in Northern Ireland and led to the death of Bobby Sands. Maher al-Akhras is a Palestinian prisoner who has gone through 103 days of hunger strike to achieve his political demands from the Israeli authorities.
Administrative Detention: is a procedure adopted by Israeli military to detain Palestinians for unnamed periods without trial or charges, on the basis of suspicion. Administrative detention is considered a violation of human rights, and it is used by the Israeli occupying forces as a means to oppress Palestinians. Maher el Akhras is one of the Palestinian prisoners held through administrative detention, and his hunger strike was to ensure that no extension of his detention will be made.
Palestinian Prisoners Club: is an independent, non-governmental Palestinian organization consisting of former Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails. The aim of this group is to support and document the experiences of Palestinian prisoners in Israeli jails, in addition to providing legal, political and media support for Palestinian prisoners and their families in their fight for freedom.
