Over 400 Native (American) tribes and bands occupy the New World of the Americas at the time of early European settlement*

*Native American tribes and bands appear in bold under larger, shared linguistic FAMILIES

ALGONKIAN

Cree (Woods Cree, Plains Cree, Swampy Cree, East Cree), Atikamekw, Nascapi & Montagnais (Innu), Saulteaux, Ottawa/Anishinabe, Nipissing, Mississauga (Canada)

Algonquin/Algonkin (Canada, Michigan), Menominee/Mamaceqtaw (Wisconsin, Michigan), Ojibwe/Chippewa (Northern, Southern, Plains/Bungi) (Canada, Michigan), Blackfeet (Montana), Gros Ventre/A’aninin (Canada, Montana), Mascouten (Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois), Kickapoo/Kiwigapawa (Illinois, Michigan, Ohio), Potawatomi/Nishnabec (Michigan), Miami/Myaamia (Michigan, Ohio, Indiana), Maliseet-Passamaquoddy (Canada, Maine), Wea (Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio), Shawnee/Shawanwa (Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, West Virginia, Pennsylvania), Mi’kmaq (Canada, Maine), Eastern Illini-Peoria/Illiniwek (Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Iowa, Kentucky, Ohio), Abenaki-Panawahpskek (Penobscot) (Canada, Maine), Abenaki (Western & Eastern) (Canada, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine), Nipmuc (Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut), Wampanoag (Massachusetts, Rhode Island), Muhheconneok (Mohican/Mahican), Wappinger (New York, Connecticut, Vermont, Massachusetts), Mohegan/Mohiingan-Pequot (Connecticut), (Quiripi) — Paugussett, Quinnipiac, Tunxis (Connecticut, Long Island, New York, New Jersey), Narraganset-Niantic (Rhode Island), (Unquachog)-Shinnecock, Poosepatuck, Montauk (Long Island), Delaware/Lenape-Munsee, Unami (New Jersey, New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania), Nanticoke-Conoy (Delaware, Maryland), Powhatan (Virginia), Chowanoc, Weapemeoc (North Carolina), Hatteras, Machapunga, Pamlico (North Carolina), Coree (North Carolina), Cheyenne/Tsitsistas (Northern & Southern) (Minnesota, North & South Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas), Arapaho/Inuna-ina (Northern & Southern) (Wyoming, Colorado), Saluda (South Carolina), Wiyot (California), Fox/Meskwaki & Sauk/Sac/Osakiwugi Nation (Canada, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois), Yurok (California),

ATHABASCAN

Deg Hit’an (Ingalik), Koyukukhotana (Koyukon), Kolchan, Knaiakhotana (Tanaina), Ahtena, Mentekhut’ana (Tanana), Nabesna (Alaska)

Tutchone, Kawchottine (Hare), Tagish, Kaska, Dene (Slavey), Tlicho (Dogrib), Tatsanottine (Yellowknife), Tahltan, Tsetsaut, Tsek’ehne (Sekani), Dane-zaa (Beaver), Dene (Chipewyan), Dakelh (Carrier), Tsilhqot’in Chilcotin, Tsuu T’ina (Sarsi), Nicola (Canada)

Gwich’in (Kutchin), Han (Canada, Alaska)

Kwalhioqua (Washington), Tlatskanai (Clatskanie) (Washington, Oregon), Taa-laa-wa Dee-ni’ (Tolowa) (Oregon, California), Chetco, (Taltushtuntede) Galice Creek, Tututni (Oregon), (Dakubetede) Applegate Creek, Chastacosta (Oregon), Umpqua, Upper Coquille (Oregon), Tsulu-la (Chilula), Natinixwe (Hupa), Kato, Lassik, Mattole, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki, Whilkut (California), Diné (Navajo) (New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Colorado), Western Apache (White Mountain, Tonto, Cibecue) (Arizona), Chiricahua Apache (New Mexico, Mexico, Arizona), Jicarilla Apache (Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma), Na’ishan (Kiowa Apache) (Montana), (Lépai-Ndé) Lipan Apache (Texas, New Mexico, Colorado), Mescalero Apache (Texas, New Mexico)

BEOTHUK

Beothuk (Newfoundland, Canada)

CADDOAN

Sahnish (Arikara) (North & South Dakota), Pawnee (Kansas, Nebraska), Yscani (Kansas, Texas), Tawehash (Kansas), Kitikiti’sh (Wichita) (Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas), K’itsash (Kichai) (Texas), Waco (Texas), Tawakoni (Oklahoma, Texas), Kadohadacho (Caddo) (Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas), Adai (Texas, Louisiana), Eyeish (Louisiana), Natchitoches (Louisiana), Hasinai (Texas)

CALIFORNIA PENUTIAN

Nomlaki, Patwin, Wintu, Wintun, Konkow, Nisenan, Maidu, Miwok (Plains, Northern & Southern, Coast, Central), Ohlone (Costano), Yokuts (Northern & Southern Valley, Chukchansi-Foothills, Poso Creek, Kings River, Tule River) (California)

CHIMAKUM

Chimakum, Quileute, (Chalat’) Hoh (Washington)

CHINOOK

Cathlamet, Chinook (Oregon, Washington), Clatsop (Oregon), Cathlapotle (Washington), Chilluckittequaw (Washington), Clackamas, Clowwewalla, Multnomah, Skilloot, Watlala (Oregon), Wasco, Wishram (Oregon)

COAHUILTECAN

Coahuilteco (Mexico, Texas), Karankawa (Texas), Borrado (Mexico), Comecrudo, Cotoname (Mexico)

ESKIMO ALEUT

Inuit/(Eskimo): Chugachmiut, Unegkurmiut, Koniagmiut (Sugpiaq/Alutiiq)/Pacific Eskimo/Yupik), Bering Strait/Kotzebue (Inupiat)-Tagiugmiut, Nunamiut (West, North Alaskan Eskimo), Yup’ik/Cup’ik (Nunivak Inuit, Yukon-Kuskokwim, Bristol Bay), Unangan (Aleut) (Greenland, Canada, Alaska, Siberia)

EYAK

Eyak (Alaska)

KERES

Keres (Eastern/Western) (New Mexico)

KIOWA

Gâ´igwŭ´ (Kiowa) (Montana, Colorado, Texas, New Mexico)

KUTENAI

Ktunaxa/Kutenai (Upper, Lower) (Canada, Montana, Idaho, Washington)

MUSKOGIAN

Kaskinampo (Arkansas), Chickasaw (Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky), Koasati (Coushatta) (Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee), Alabama (Alabama), (Chahta) Chocktaw (Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana), Chakchiuma, Ibitoupa, Taposa (Mississippi), Okelousa (Louisiana, Mississippi), Houma (Louisiana), Acolapissa (Louisiana, Mississippi), Bayougoula (Louisiana), Quinipissa (Louisiana), Tangipahoa (Louisiana), Napochi (Alabama), Muklasa (Alabama, Florida), Tuskegee (Alabama, Florida), Muskogee (Creek) (Alabama, Georgia, (North & South) Carolina, Florida), Sawokli (Alabama), Hitchiti (Georgia), Chiaha (Tennessee), Oconee (Georgia, Florida), Okmulgee (Georgia), Apalachicola (Florida), Miccosukee (Florida, Georgia), Yamasee (Georgia, Florida), Tamathli (Georgia, Florida), Cusabo (South Carolina), Mobile (Alabama), Pascagoula (Mississippi), Tohome (Alabama), Pensacola (Florida), Apalachee (Florida), Chatot (Florida), Osochi (Alabama)

NATCHEZ

Natchez (Mississippi, Louisiana), Taensa, Avoyel (Louisiana)

OREGON PENUTIAN

Kalapuya, Alsea, Kuitsh, Siuslaw, Yaquina, Coos/Hanis, Miluk, Takelma (Oregon)

SALISHAN

(Nuxalk) Bellacoola, K’ ómoks, Pentlatch, Sechelt, Lillooet, Thompson, Shuswap, Squawmish, Cowichan, Nanaimo, Songish, Stalo, Nooksack (Canada)

(Lhaq’temish) Lummi, Chelan, Samish, Snohomish, Suquamish, Swallah, Swinomish, Colville-Nespelem, Sanpoil, Methow, Wenatchee, Columbia/Sinkiuse-Columbia, (Syilix) Okanagan, Skokomish/Twana, Klallam, Chehalis-Copalis, Humptulips, Wynoochee, Quinault, Satsop, Cowlitz (Upper & Lower), Duwamish, Muckleshoot, Nisqually, (S’Puyalupubsh) Puyallup, Snoqualmie, Squaxon, Spokane (Washington)

Semiahmoo, Senijextee (Washington, Canada), (Pend d’ Oreilles) Kalispel (Lower & Upper) (Canada, Montana, Idaho Washington), (Schitsu’umsh) Coeur d’Alene (Idaho, Washington, Montana), Flathead (Montana)

SHAPWAILUTAN

*divided into 3 Shapwailutan dialects*

Shahaptian

Klickitat, Nez Percé, Palouse, (Tenino, Tyigh, Wyam, Tukspush), Umatilla, Walla Walla, Yakima, Taidnapam, Pshwanwapam, Mical, Skin, Wanapum, Upper Cowlitz/Taidnapam (Idaho, Washington, Oregon)

Waiilatpuan

Cayuse, Molalla (Oregon, Washington)

Lutuamian

Klamath, Modoc (Oregon, California)

SIOUAN

The Great Sioux Nation

*divided into 3 main Siouan dialects/subcultures*

Dakota/Santee Sioux (Northeastern Dakota) (North & South Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio)
Mdewakantonwon, Wahpeton, Wahpekute, Sisseton

Nakota/Yankton-Yanktonai Sioux (Southeastern Dakota) (Minnesota, North & South Dakota, Canada, Montana)
Yankton, Yanktonai (Upper & Lower), Assiniboine/Stoney

Lakota/Teton Sioux (Western Dakota) (Minnesota, North & South Dakota)
Oglala, Sicangu/Brulé, Hunkpapa, Miniconjou, Sihasapa/Blackfoot, Itazipacola/Sans Arc, Oohenupa/Two Kettle

*other Sioux*

Hidatsa, Mandan (North Dakota), Crow/Apsaalooke (Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota), Moneton (West Virginia), Nahyssan, Monacan, Manahoac (Virginia), Saponi, Tutelo, Occaneechi (North Carolina, Virginia), Cheraw/Lumbee (Virginia, North & South Carolina), Waxhaw, Sugaree, Catawba/Issa Wateree (North & South Carolina)

Eno-Adshusheer, Shakori, Yadkin, Keyauwee, Sissipahaw, Woccon, Cape Fear, Waccamaw Sioux (North Carolina)

Congaree, Pedee, Waccamaw, Winyaw, Santee, Sewee (South Carolina)

Ofo/Mosopelea/Ofogoula (Louisiana, Ohio, Mississippi), Biloxi, Moctobi (Mississippi), Tunica (Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas)

Dhegiha Sioux — Ponca (Nebraska), Omaha (Nebraska, Iowa, South Dakota), Kansa/Kaw (Kansas, Missouri), Osage (Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma), Quapaw (Arkansas, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee)

Chiwere group — Winnebago/Ho-Chunk (Wisconsin), Oto (Nebraska, Missouri, Iowa), Iowa/Baxoje (Iowa), Missouri/Niúachi (Missouri)

TANOAN

*New Mexico Pueblos*

Jemez, Pecos, Picuris, Taos, Nambé, Pojoaque, San Ildefonso, San Juan/Ohkay Owingeh, Santa Clara, Tesuque, Isleta, Piro-Manso, Sandia

*New Mexico, Texas*

Tigua/Ysleta del Sur

TIMUCUA

Icafui/Cascanque, Saturiwa, Potano, Yustaga, Acuera, Freshwater/Agna Dulce, Ocale, Mococo, Pohoy, Tocobaga (Florida) (though Surruque, Calusa, Ais, Guacata and Takesta tribes are recorded as also having inhabited regions of Florida, their linguistic stocks are inconclusive)

Yui/Ibi (Georgia), Tacatacuru, Timucua/Utina (Georgia, Florida)

TONKAWAN

Tonkawa (Oklahoma, Texas)

TSIMSHIAN

Gitksan, Niska (Canada), Tsimshian (Canada, Alaska)

TLINGIT

Yakutat, Gonaho, Chilkat, Auk, Taku, Huna, Killisnoo, Sitka, Kake, Stikine, Henya, Klawock, Kuiu, Sanya, Tongas (Alaska)

TUNICAN

Grigra, Yazoo, Koroa, Tiou (Mississipi), Tunica (Mississipi, Louisiana)

Chitimacha (Chawasha, Washa, Yagenachito) (Louisiana)

ATAKAPAN

*tentatively classified as a language isolate but previously associated with Tunican

Ishak (Atakapa) (Eastern & Western) (Opelousa, Deadose, Atakapa (proper) (Akokisa), Bidai, Patiri) (Texas, Louisiana)

UTO-AZTECAN

Paiute (Northern) (California, Nevada, Idaho, Oregon), Owens Valley (California, Nevada), Southern Paiute (Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah), Chemehuevi (California)

Ute (Weeminuche, Capote, Mouache, Yampa, Parianuc, Uintah, Tabeguache), Pahvant, (Colorado, Utah, New Mexico)

Shoshone (Eastern) (Wyoming), (Northern, Lemhi, Bannock, ) (Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, Nevada), Western (Nevada, Utah), Goshute (Utah, Nevada)

Tübatulabal, Panamint, Tataviam, Alliklik, (Nuwa) Kawaiisu, Kitanemuk, (Kizh) Gabrielino-Tongva, (Acjachemen) Juaneño, Luiseño, Cahuilla, Cupeño, Serrano, Vanyume (California)

Hopi, Pima, Quahatika, Sobaipuri (Arizona)

(Tohono O’odham) Papago (Arizona, Mexico)

Comanche (Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas)

WAKASHAN

Kitamat, Kitlope (Haisla), China Hat, Bella Bella (Heiltsuk), Kwakiutl, Koskimo, Namgis, Wuikinuxv, Nohuntsitk, Somehulitk, Nawiti (Canada)

Nootka (Canada, Washington)

Makah, Ozette (Washington)

YUCHI

Yuchi (Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, Oklahoma)

YUKI

Yuki (Yuki-proper, Coast Yuki, Huchnom)(California)

Wappo, Lile’ek

ZUNI

Zuni (Arizona, New Mexico)