How do ground squirrels reheat themselves after hibernation?
Although they spend weeks at near-freezing temperatures, hibernating animals need a way to quickly warm themselves in order to stay alive.
Many mammals hibernate to avoid food scarcity and harsh conditions during winter. Hibernation involves entering a state called torpor, which drastically reduces the amount of energy used by the body. During torpor, body temperature also decreases. This is particularly exemplified in ground squirrels, whose body temperature can hover at just above or even below the point of freezing. However, hibernating mammals cannot remain in this state continuously over the months of hibernation but instead cycle between bouts of torpor lasting for 1–3 weeks and brief periods of ‘arousal’ lasting between 12–24 hours, during which their body rapidly warms up.
The heat required to start warming up the hibernator is generated from a specialized form of fat called brown adipose tissue. Normally, the bursts of metabolic activity that are required to create this heat depend on certain proteins being produced. Making a protein involves ‘translating’ its sequence from template molecules called messenger RNA (mRNA), which are ‘transcribed’ from the gene that encodes the protein. During the low body temperatures experienced during torpor, both of these processes stop. So how is the hibernator able to quickly and efficiently heat itself up during the arousal periods of hibernation?
Katharine Grabek and colleagues investigated this by analyzing the relative levels of mRNA in the brown adipose tissue of hibernating 13-lined ground squirrels. Using a special technique to sample and sequence small fragments of mRNA taken from brown adipose tissue, Grabek and colleagues compiled a profile of the mRNA molecules present at different points in the torpor–arousal cycle and compared this with a similar profile taken from squirrels that were not hibernating.
From this analysis, Grabek and colleagues detected that a particular group of mRNA molecules that are required for producing heat increase in abundance during torpor, even though body temperature is low enough to stop gene transcription. This increased abundance does not occur because more of the mRNA molecules are made; instead, the mRNA molecules are modified to become more stable and long lasting. Once the animal warms up during arousal, gene transcription is reactivated and more new mRNA molecules are made.
Grabek and colleagues suggest that the key mRNAs required for brown adipose tissue function are selectively stabilized during torpor through a temperature-dependent protective mechanism. These mRNAs are then preferentially translated into proteins during arousal to rapidly and efficiently heat the hibernator. Most other mRNA molecules degrade throughout torpor, and so their numbers decline as replacements are not transcribed until body temperature briefly recovers during arousal. Whether this protective mechanism is also used in other tissues during torpor remains a question for future work.
To find out more
Listen to Sandy Martin talk about how hibernating squirrels can warm up quickly in episode 17 of the eLife podcast.
Read the eLife research paper on which this story is based: “Enhanced stability and polyadenylation of select mRNAs support rapid thermogenesis in the brown fat of a hibernator” (January 27, 2015).
