How to Design Interruptions
What my ADHD taught me about living in a world of notifications and how to better design them
“The scarce resource of the 21st century will not be technology; it will be attention.” — Mark Weiser
Imagine you’re having a positive, fully immersive conversation with someone in a restaurant. Your concentration is focused on the person across from you.
In this context, how would a server complement this experience? Detract from it?
Some servers ignore you and need to be tracked down, which negatively affects the overall experience. Others organically know when and how to interrupt you.
More often than not, servers adjust their approach based on your verbal and non-verbal cues. This example is a reminder that humans are the true experts in adapting. We can apply this analogy to technology; a person may desire real-time pop-ups or in-text communications when we share tips, updates, or alerts. Or, those may be distracting and disrupt their flow.
Achieving focus
When technology communicates and behaves well, it enables you to do what you want to, on your terms. It communicates in ways that allow you to focus and achieve the level of concentration you need to accomplish a task.
Interruptions in our lives
We’re alerted hundreds of times per day and not all are harmful. Interruptions can be helpful when:
- They’re urgent
- They can progress a current task, or,
- They contain information a person cares about.
Some are useful and non-invasive, like an oven burner turning orange when it’s hot. Some are needed, like a critical security update, while others are just generally helpful, like a feature suggesting something new. But when they appear at inopportune moments, even the most useful notifications often have detrimental results like anxiety, frustration, and reduced productivity. While a pop-up might be nearly invisible to one person, to another it might stop a critical task completely for hours. We must examine when our communications are helpful vs. harmful.
The cost of interruption
Harmful interruptions take a large toll and lead to net-negative experiences with products. It takes an average of 25–45 minutes to get back into your task once jolted out. In many industries, there can be safety concerns.
A changing landscape
Sounds simple, but enabling focus is an increasingly difficult challenge. The points of contact between people and products are undergoing massive evolution. Experiences have moved beyond screens to engage and immerse multiple senses. Each of these new interactions presents new potential points of friction and interruption. Inclusive design is about reducing errors and creating seamless transitions as people move from one moment to the next.
Learning from people
I wanted to learn how to design interruptions more respectfully from people working in multiple industries, cognitive science experts in and outside of Microsoft, and those with heightened sensory sensitivity. This manifested in interviews with chefs, emergency room doctors, pilots, cognitive psychologists, people who spoke English as a second language, and people who have disabilities — seen and unseen.
Personally, I struggle in flow because my computer makes assumptions about what I need and want. For some, notifications are slightly annoying. To me, they can be crippling and ruin my entire day. I need to work out for two hours, drink several cups of chamomile tea, and meditate as a prerequisite to working in certain programs.
When we design technology, we’re teaching it how to behave as it interacts with people. To do this, we need to understand people and their motivations. Technology should respond to the unique way people think, feel, and behave. We need to put people, not technology, in the lead of interactions. From this research, Doug Kim and I landed on a framework of Design Considerations to keep in mind. The framework will help you start addressing questions like:
- How can technology act respectfully, understanding when interruptions are helpful vs. harmful?
- How can technology serve the right information at the right time, while cutting back unwanted information, distractions, and extra steps?
- How can we identify when, where, and how it’s appropriate for a system to communicate with people?
- How can information blend in the background so people can focus on their task, not the tool?
Design Considerations
1. Understand urgency and medium
There are many ways technology communicates: a visual pop-up, orange blinking light, a sound, a vibration. Are all modes needed to capture someone’s full attention for one low-urgency communication?
Consider: When designing any form of communication, determine how much attention it needs and when: full attention, partial attention, little attention. Determine ways to align the delivery form with the urgency of the message. An important message may warrant taking full attention from the person. A non-urgent software update may not. To help make better decisions about timing and delivery, think about how to balance the benefit of the interruption with the cost of interrupting the task.
Ask yourself:
- Do you have a range of alert types that convey various levels of importance?
- How do you use visual, aural, and haptic modes of communication today in your experience?
- What’s the cost to the customer if they miss your interruption?
- How can you be more respectful?
- How can you make use of the periphery to keep the person focused on their primary task?
2. Adapt to the customer’s behavior
How a customer interacts with each feature or part of your experience will change over time.
Consider: Think of every experience we build as a conversation between customer and technology. How good or helpful is a conversation when only one side is listening, and the other side just speaks whenever it wants to? What does it take for technology to understand when it’s appropriate to communicate? Humans have the capability to understand that what’s appropriate in one context might not be appropriate in another. Let’s learn from human-to-human interaction to create experiences with the lowest mental cost.
Ask yourself:
- What are all the alert types that your customer could encounter while in your experience?
- When can you speak with a diverse range of people to learn about how they experience your systems’ communications?
- How can you learn from human interactions in the physical world to judge how and when it is most appropriate to interrupt someone?
- Are you listening to your customer behavior?
- Can your system learn from how customers interact and modify behavior?
3. Adapt to context
We all focus, filter, and consume information in unique ways. We have capabilities and limitations for tuning in and out information. These preferences and capabilities can rapidly change based on context. Because of that, how a person interacts with each feature or part of an experience will change. Can your system learn from how people interact to modify the way it communicates?
Consider: Alone or in a crowded room. No WIFI or full speed internet. On the go or in a conference room. Limited use of sight due to a permanent disability. Glare on a sunny day. There are many contexts to consider when designing communications systems: cognitive, environmental, social, physical, cultural. Understanding your customers’ primary motivation can help you design an experience that contributes to vs. takes away from their goal. Build experiences that respect and adapt to context.
Ask yourself:
- Can your system learn from how people interact and shift contexts to modify the way it communicates?
- What experiences could be competing for your customer’s attention?
- What contexts have you currently built for and which should you take into consideration moving forward?
- What is your customers’ main goal? What could interrupt that goal?
- Can your system learn from customer behavior? How could it improve?
4. Enable the customer to adapt
Personal experiences are tailored to an individual. Customizable features help customers feel empowered and in control of their devices. Many alerts on computers today are difficult to tune out or turn off. With multiple applications running at once, we can be inundated with communications. Better systems have ways for users to control the type and timing of notifications.
Consider: Allow personalization of the type, time, and mode of communication. Design an entire experience mindful of feedback, triggers, and alerts from the system and how a person can make the experience their own.
Ask yourself:
- When and where can you allow deep personalization of the type, time, and mode of communication?
- What control does the customer have over alerts in your experience?
- Does your customer know if they have control over their alerts?
- Do your systems’ communications take your customer’s current task into account?
- When do you and when could you allow deep personalization in communication type and frequency?
5. Reduce mental cost
Experiences are moving beyond screens to engage and immerse simultaneous human senses. Each of these new interactions presents new potential points of friction.
Consider: There’s plenty of evidence that people are overwhelmed by the sheer amounts of information that they receive through technology. But this is also a function of how many steps people need to take to interact with technology. And how many distractions they encounter along the way, visual, audio, organizational, etc. What is nearly invisible or even helpful to one person may be disruptive to another.
Ask yourself:
- How can you better understand the mental cost of customers within each step of their journey?
- How can you build intelligence to know when a customer is the most interruptible?
- How can you identify what’s worth interrupting a person for and what isn’t?
- How can you better understand what’s important to the customer and not make assumptions on their behalf?
We’re piloting a series of tools with universities and internal teams and have made some strides here, like Focus Assist in Windows 10 but there’s a lot more that’s needed.
Many thanks to Amber Case, Doug Kim, Jutta Treviranus, Mary Czerwinski, and, the extended Microsoft Design Community for their contributions and research.
Want more? Check out our website for a series of short-films and the inclusive design toolkit.
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