Leukemia Treatment

What Is Leukemia?

Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells. There are several types of blood cells, including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. Generally, leukemia refers to cancers of the WBCs. Two types of WBCs often involved in leukemia are granulocytes and lymphocytes.

White blood cells are a vital part of your immune system. They protect your body from invasion by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. WBCs also protect your body from abnormal cells and other foreign substances. In leukemia, the white blood cells have mutated. These mutant white blood cells may divide too quickly and eventually crowd out normal cells. Often, they do not function as normal WBCs.

Blood cells are made in the bone marrow. When WBCs leave the marrow, they are found in the lymph nodes and spleen. They also circulate throughout the blood and lymphatic systems.

The Types of Leukemia

The onset of leukemia can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (slow onset). In chronic leukemia, cancer cells increase slowly. Early symptoms can be very mild. Acute leukemia develops quickly. Cancer cells increase rapidly and symptoms occur early.

Acute and chronic leukemia are also classified according to the cell type. Leukemia involving myeloid cells is called myelogenous leukemia. These cells are immature blood cells that would normally become granulocytes or monocytes. Leukemia involving lymphocytes is called lymphocytic leukemia. There are four main types of leukemia.

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) has a rapid onset. It can occur in children and adults. About 13,000 new cases of AML are diagnosed annually.

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) has a slow onset and affects mostly adults. About 5,000 new cases of CML are diagnosed annually.

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) has a rapid onset and occurs mostly in children. 5,000 new cases of ALL are diagnosed annually.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is slow in onset. It is most likely to affect people over the age of 55. It is very rarely seen in children. There are about 15,000 new cases of CLL diagnosed every year.

Hairy cell leukemia is another type of leukemia. It is very rare.

Risk Factors for Leukemia

The causes of leukemia are not known. However, several factors have been identified which may increase your risk. These include:

• family history of leukemia
• smoking (AML)
• genetic disorders such as Down syndrome
• blood disorders — myelodysplastic syndromes are sometimes known as pre-leukemia
• prior treatment for cancer with chemotherapy or radiation
• exposure to high levels of radiation
• chemical exposures, such as to benzene

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