Collateral Damage: The Division of Original Baloch Land Between Pakistan and Iran
Introduction:
By now, it is no secret that the British Empire’s most effective tool for colonization was the strategy of divide and conquer. This approach found success in various regions, including the Subcontinent and America, where nations and ethnicities were divided based on religion and communal lines. While North America stands as a testament to the success of British colonization, the subcontinent presented unique challenges, rooted in its strong, educated, and ancient civilization.
Historical Background:
The resistance faced by the British in the subcontinent led to the creation of quasi-autonomous princely states, a measure intended to weaken the overall resistance. Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British East India Company, it became apparent that colonizing the Indus and its neighboring states wouldn’t be an easy feat. To overcome this, the British exploited the beliefs of the people in the region, manipulating religious sentiments in the east and southwest (Balochistan).
Baloch Secularism and Historical Resistance:
Baloch and the natives of Balochistan are known for their secular beliefs and a rich history of resistance against religious tyranny. Historical instances, such as the Arab-Baloch war, highlight the Baloch commitment to fighting against religious rule. Despite the lack of extensive documentation, the oral history tradition of the Baloch people counters misconceptions, notably the notion that Baloch originated from Arabistan, challenging the narrative prevalent in Pakistan’s history.
British Tactics and the Goldsmith Line:
Facing near defeat in the aftermath of the 1857 war, the British attempted to divide the Baloch by exploiting tribal differences, as religious and sectarian strategies proved ineffective. In 1871, an agreement between the British (representing the Khan of Kalat) and the Persians led to the creation of the Goldsmith Line in 1905. Similar to the Durand Line, this demarcation divided people of the same ethnicity, impacting their cultures and traditions. Visiting the eastern province of Iran, Sistan, reveals little to no difference among the people in the western province of Pakistan, Balochistan.
Post-World War II Era:
The annexation of Balochistan to Pakistan after World War II exacerbated existing tensions and unresolved issues left behind by the British. Following the British legacy, Pakistan’s establishment adopted a strategy of dividing and ruling, empowering tribal chiefs and creating disparities among commoners and leading families. The British practice of bribing chieftains with land in exchange for quelling rebellion played a significant role in shaping these power dynamics.
Conclusion:
In summary, the division of original Baloch land between Pakistan and Iran traces back to the British Empire’s divide and conquer strategy. The lasting impact of the Goldsmith Line, akin to the Durand Line, has left the Baloch people grappling with the consequences of historical divisions. Understanding this complex history is crucial for comprehending the challenges faced by the Baloch today and navigating a path toward unity and resilience.
