Sentiment analysis Analysis Part 1 — Naive Bayes Classifier
In the next set of topics we will dive into different approachs to solve the hello world problem of the NLP world, the sentiment analysis.
Check the other parts: Part1 Part2 Part3
The code for this implementation is at https://github.com/iolucas/nlpython/blob/master/blog/sentiment-analysis-analysis/naive-bayes.ipynb
The Naive Bayes classifier
The Naive Bayes classifier uses the Bayes Theorem, that for our problem says that the probability of the label (positive or negative) for the given text is equal to the probability of we find this text given the label, times the probability a label occurs, everything divided by the probability of we find this text:
Since the text is composed of words, we can say:
We want to compare the probabilities of the labels and choose the one with higher probability. Since the term P(word1, word2, word3…) is equal for everything, we can remove it. Assuming that there is no dependence between words in the text (which can cause some errors, because some words only “work” together with others), we have:
So we are done! With a training set we can find every term of the equation, for example:
- P(label=positive) is the fraction of the training set that is a positive text;
- P(word1|label=negative) is the number of times the word1 appears in a negative text divided by the number of times the word1 appears in every text.
The Code
For this task we will use a famous open source machine learning library, the scikit-learn.
Our dataset is composed of movie reviews and labels telling whether the review is negative or positive. Let’s load the dataset:
The reviews file is a little big, so it is in zip format. Let’s Extract it:
import zipfile
with zipfile.ZipFile("reviews.zip", 'r') as zip_ref:
zip_ref.extractall(".")
Now that we have the reviews.txt and labels.txt files, we load them to the memory:
with open("reviews.txt") as f:
reviews = f.read().split("\n")
with open("labels.txt") as f:
labels = f.read().split("\n")
reviews_tokens = [review.split() for review in reviews]
Next we load the module to transform our review inputs into binary vectors with the help of the class
MultiLabelBinarizer
:
from sklearn.preprocessing import MultiLabelBinarizeronehot_enc = MultiLabelBinarizer()
onehot_enc.fit(reviews_tokens)
After that we split the data into training and test set with the
train_test_split
function:
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_splitX_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(reviews_tokens, labels, test_size=0.25, random_state=None)
Next, we create a Naive Bayes classifier and train our data. We will use a Bernoulli Naive Bayes classifier that is appropriate for feature vectors composed of binary data. We do this with the class
BernoulliNB
:
from sklearn.naive_bayes import BernoulliNB
bnbc = BernoulliNB(binarize=None)
bnbc.fit(onehot_enc.transform(X_train), y_train)
Training the model took about 1 second only!
After training, we use the
score
function to check the performance of the classifier:
score = bnbc.score(onehot_enc.transform(X_test), y_test)
Computing the score took about 0.4 seconds only!
Running the classifier a few times we get around 85% of accuracy. Not so bad for a so simple classifier.
Please recommend this post so we can spread the knowledge =D
And leave any questions and comments below.
See ya! :)