Farming shellfish by the seashore: a Q&A with aquaculture specialist Kevin Marquez Johnson
Sea Grant Extension Specialist Kevin Marquez Johnson recently joined the California Sea Grant extension team. In this Q&A he explains how his research on clams and oysters can help make shellfish aquaculture resilient in the face of climate change.
By Emily Harwitz, UC Santa Cruz Science Writing Program Intern at California Sea Grant
Can you tell me a little about your background?
I went to Cal State University Monterey Bay, where I studied biology and had some really amazing mentors who helped encourage me into research. I’m a surfer, and finding a way to connect what I do for fun to what I do for work was just something I couldn’t pass up.
My PhD work sent me to Antarctica looking at pteropods, tiny swimming snails, that are really important for marine food webs. Ocean acidification, especially along our coastlines, is impairing pteropods’ ability to form shells. Some researchers near Seattle are finding pteropods with holes all the way through their shells.
How did you get started working with Sea Grant?
As I was finishing grad school, I wanted to do something that was more hopeful because working with the pteropods was pretty depressing. I talked to Dr. Morgan Kelly at Louisiana State University who had been working with oysters on projects to increase the resiliency of Louisiana oysters to the changing ocean conditions related to climate change.
I got a postdoc fellowship to work with her at the Louisiana Sea Grant hatchery where I raised different families of Eastern oysters and studied their genetics. I also interacted with the Louisiana Sea Grant hatchery director and staff. I really appreciated the applied aspects of that work and what Sea Grant was willing to fund.
We know that oysters are delicious to eat, but can you talk about how oysters are good for the environment?
They’re filter feeders, so they’re eating material floating in the water and increasing water clarity. Look at the East Coast at Chesapeake Bay — restoring native oyster beds has had a massive positive impact on the water clarity and quality. I think about Oympia [native Pacific West Coast] oysters and if we can get those restored in our local bays and estuaries up and down the coast, how much that can have a net benefit on those ecosystems and just make them overall healthier.
You’ve been back in California for around six months now — what are you working on now with California Sea Grant?
One of the projects that we’ve gotten funded is developing aquaculture methods for Pismo clams, which are a local species and known for being tasty. The lead project investigator is Dr. Ben Ruttenberg at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. Dr. Ruttenberg and I also work with a grad student, Marissa Bills, who is amazing. We’re going to test out different ways to grow and raise the larvae so that we can set them in a hatchery that can be used for either commercial or restoration methods.
How great would it be if a shellfish farmer out here who currently raises non-native Manila clams could switch to raising and selling native Pismo clams instead? My research is really developing resources and tools so that others can do that work, so we’re pretty excited about it.
There’s a lot we don’t know about how adaptable Pismo clams are to changing ocean conditions, like ocean acidification. We have some experiments lined up to see if we can raise them in different conditions to see how viable they are as a commercial species. But either way, the project has really good potential implications for restoration work.
Is ocean acidification impacting shellfish aquaculture, too?
Yes, it’s a big concern. Starting around 2006–2008, the shellfish farmers along the West Coast started not being able to produce seed-small juvenile shellfish to use for farming. That was really clearly linked to ocean acidification. On the West coast, a lot of the really acidic conditions are coming from upwelling [wind-driven events that bring cooler water up towards the surface]. It impacted their ability to raise these larval forms of the bivalves, which is something they’d been able to do for years before that without ever having any issues. And that was really clearly linked to how low the pH is getting now.
What’s interesting about your current research to a non-shellfish farmer?
Shellfish like oysters are filter feeders, so they’re eating material floating in the water and increasing water clarity. Look at the East Coast at Chesapeake Bay-restoring native oyster beds has had a massive positive impact on the water clarity and quality. I think about Oympia [native Pacific West Coast] oysters and if we can get those restored in our local bays and estuaries up and down the coast, how much that can have a net benefit on those ecosystems and just make them overall healthier.
With Pismo clams, this is a really important species for Central California. As filter feeders, Pismo clams play an important role in the marine ecosystem-but they’re also a part of the region’s culture. Pismo Beach is named after it. They’re also important for Indigenous groups.
Pismo clams are threatened by poaching. Additionally, climate change may redistribute their populations. Being able to get ahead of all of that while they’re still relatively abundant-at least the small ones-we can start to develop the methods that allow us to rescue populations if need be.
What’s been the biggest challenge of doing your research over the past year?
The biggest challenge of the past year has been coordinating schedules during COVID-19. Specific to my work, larval cultures are really hard to keep alive and require multiple people to work in relatively close proximity to each other.
What’s the big picture of your research with shellfish aquaculture?
We’re trying to develop techniques to help aquaculture be successful into the future. I’m also working with Pacific oysters, trying ways to help produce more resilient oysters in the face of climate change. And I’m developing some work around Olympia oysters that’ll be aimed at both commercial and restoration work.
I am still educating myself on how best to engage with all the different communities in California that have a long history of managing this species. It’s really important to understand that Indigenous people have such a long history with all of these animals. It’s important to respect that and come in listening.
I became a new dad this year so I’m thinking about my daughter’s future, and whether aquaculture can help produce equitable food resources for different communities in a way that doesn’t negatively impact the environment. Actually, a lot of these shellfish aquaculture activities can have a net positive impact on society. So I’m pretty excited about that.
Originally published at https://caseagrant.ucsd.edu on April 21, 2021.
