It is estimated that by 2020, chatbots will be handling 85 percent of customer-service interactions; they are already handling about 30 percent of transactions now.
So what is a chatbot?
A chatbot is an artificial intelligence-powered piece of software in a device (Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant etc), application, website or other networks that try to gauge consumer’s needs and then assist them to perform a particular task like a commercial transaction, hotel booking, form submission etc .Today almost every company has a chatbot deployed to engage with the users. Some of the ways in which companies are using chatbots are:
- To deliver flight information
- to connect customers and their finances
- As customer support
The possibilities are (almost) limitless.
History of chatbots dates back to 1966 when a computer program called ELIZA was invented by Weizenbaum. It imitated the language of a psychotherapist from only 200 lines of code. You can still converse with it here: Eliza.
In this post, we will build a simple retrieval based chatbot based on NLTK library in python.
Note: If you just want to cut and paste some code, skip way down to the section called “Final Code of the bot creation in Python NLTK” and find the code attached there.
Building the Bot
Pre-requisites
A hands-on knowledge of scikit library and NLTK is assumed. However, if you are new to NLP, you can still read the article and then refer back to resources.
NLP
The field of study that focuses on the interactions between human language and computers is called Natural Language Processing, or NLP for short. It sits at the intersection of computer science, artificial intelligence, and computational linguistics. NLP is a way for computers to analyze, understand, and derive meaning from human language in a smart and useful way. By utilizing NLP, developers can organize and structure knowledge to perform tasks such as automatic summarization, translation, named entity recognition, relationship extraction, sentiment analysis, speech recognition, and topic segmentation.
If you are interested in knowing how NLP works, then do read this post.
NLTK: A Brief Intro
NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit) is a leading platform for building Python programs to work with human language data. NLTK has been called “a wonderful tool for teaching and working in, computational linguistics using Python,” and “an amazing library to play with natural language.”
Natural Language Processing with Python provides a practical introduction to programming for language processing. I highly recommend this book to people beginning in NLP with Python.
Downloading and installing NLTK
- Install NLTK: run
pip install nltk - Test installation: run
pythonthen typeimport nltk
For platform-specific instructions, read here.
Installing NLTK Packages
Import NLTK and run nltk.download().This will open the NLTK downloader from where you can choose the corpora and models to download. You can also download all packages at once.
Text Pre- Processing with NLTK
The main issue with text data is that it is all in text format (strings). However, the Machine learning algorithms need some sort of numerical feature vector in order to perform the task. So before we start with any NLP project we need to pre-process it to make it ideal for working. Basic text pre-processing includes:
- Converting the entire text into uppercase or lowercase, so that the algorithm does not treat the same words in different cases as different
- Tokenization: Tokenization is just the term used to describe the process of converting the normal text strings into a list of tokens i.e words that we actually want. Sentence tokenizer can be used to find the list of sentences and Word tokenizer can be used to find the list of words in strings.
The NLTK data package includes a pre-trained Punkt tokenizer for English.
- Removing Noise i.e everything that isn’t in a standard number or letter.
- Removing Stop words. Sometimes, some extremely common words which would appear to be of little value in helping select documents matching a user need are excluded from the vocabulary entirely. These words are called stop words
- Stemming: Stemming is the process of reducing inflected (or sometimes derived) words to their stem, base or root form — generally a written word form. Example if we were to stem the following words: “Stems”, “Stemming”, “Stemmed”, “and Stemtization”, the result would be a single word “stem”.
- Lemmatization: A slight variant of stemming is lemmatization. The major difference between these is, that, stemming can often create non-existent words, whereas lemmas are actual words. So, your root stem, meaning the word you end up with, is not something you can just look up in a dictionary, but you can look up a lemma. Examples of Lemmatization are that “run” is a base form for words like “running” or “ran” or that the word “better” and “good” are in the same lemma so they are considered the same.
Bag of Words
After the initial preprocessing phase, we need to transform text into a meaningful vector (or array) of numbers. The bag-of-words is a representation of text that describes the occurrence of words within a document. It involves two things:
- A vocabulary of known words.
- A measure of the presence of known words.
Why is it is called a “bag” of words? That is because any information about the order or structure of words in the document is discarded and the model is only concerned with whether the known words occur in the document, not where they occur in the document.
The intuition behind the Bag of Words is that documents are similar if they have similar content. Also, we can learn something about the meaning of the document from its content alone.
For example, if our dictionary contains the words {Learning, is, the, not, great}, and we want to vectorize the text “Learning is great”, we would have the following vector: (1, 1, 0, 0, 1).
TF-IDF Approach
A problem with the Bag of Words approach is that highly frequent words start to dominate in the document (e.g. larger score), but may not contain as much “informational content”. Also, it will give more weight to longer documents than shorter documents.
One approach is to rescale the frequency of words by how often they appear in all documents so that the scores for frequent words like “the” that are also frequent across all documents are penalized. This approach to scoring is called Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency, or TF-IDF for short, where:
Term Frequency: is a scoring of the frequency of the word in the current document.
TF = (Number of times term t appears in a document)/(Number of terms in the document)Inverse Document Frequency: is a scoring of how rare the word is across documents.
IDF = 1+log(N/n), where, N is the number of documents and n is the number of documents a term t has appeared in.Tf-idf weight is a weight often used in information retrieval and text mining. This weight is a statistical measure used to evaluate how important a word is to a document in a collection or corpus
Example:
Consider a document containing 100 words wherein the word ‘phone’ appears 5 times.
The term frequency (i.e., tf) for phone is then (5 / 100) = 0.05. Now, assume we have 10 million documents and the word phone appears in one thousand of these. Then, the inverse document frequency (i.e., IDF) is calculated as log(10,000,000 / 1,000) = 4. Thus, the Tf-IDF weight is the product of these quantities: 0.05 * 4 = 0.20.
Tf-IDF can be implemented in scikit learn as:
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer
Cosine Similarity
TF-IDF is a transformation applied to texts to get two real-valued vectors in vector space. We can then obtain the Cosine similarity of any pair of vectors by taking their dot product and dividing that by the product of their norms. That yields the cosine of the angle between the vectors. Cosine similarity is a measure of similarity between two non-zero vectors. Using this formula, we can find out the similarity between any two documents d1 and d2.
Cosine Similarity (d1, d2) = Dot product(d1, d2) / ||d1|| * ||d2||where d1,d2 are two non zero vectors.
Now we have a fair idea of the NLP process. It is time that we get to our real task i.e Chatbot creation. We will name the chatbot here as ‘ROBO🤖’
Importing the necessary libraries
import nltk
import numpy as np
import random
import string # to process standard python stringsCorpus
For our example,we will be using the Wikipedia page for chatbots as our corpus. Copy the contents from the page and place it in a text file named ‘chatbot.txt’. However, you can use any corpus of your choice.
Reading in the data
We will read in the corpus.txt file and convert the entire corpus into a list of sentences and a list of words for further pre-processing.
f=open('chatbot.txt','r',errors = 'ignore')
raw=f.read()
raw=raw.lower()# converts to lowercase
nltk.download('punkt') # first-time use only
nltk.download('wordnet') # first-time use only
sent_tokens = nltk.sent_tokenize(raw)# converts to list of sentences
word_tokens = nltk.word_tokenize(raw)# converts to list of wordsLet see an example of the sent_tokens and the word_tokens.
sent_tokens[:2]
['a chatbot (also known as a talkbot, chatterbot, bot, im bot, interactive agent, or artificial conversational entity) is a computer program or an artificial intelligence which conducts a conversation via auditory or textual methods.',
'such programs are often designed to convincingly simulate how a human would behave as a conversational partner, thereby passing the turing test.']word_tokens[:2]
['a', 'chatbot', '(', 'also', 'known']
Pre-processing the raw text
We shall now define a function called LemTokens which will take as input the tokens and return normalized tokens.
lemmer = nltk.stem.WordNetLemmatizer()
#WordNet is a semantically-oriented dictionary of English included in NLTK.def LemTokens(tokens):
return [lemmer.lemmatize(token) for token in tokens]
remove_punct_dict = dict((ord(punct), None) for punct in string.punctuation)
def LemNormalize(text):
return LemTokens(nltk.word_tokenize(text.lower().translate(remove_punct_dict)))
Keyword matching
Next, we shall define a function for a greeting by the bot i.e if a user’s input is a greeting, the bot shall return a greeting response. ELIZA uses a simple keyword matching for greetings. We will utilize the same concept here.
GREETING_INPUTS = ("hello", "hi", "greetings", "sup", "what's up","hey",)GREETING_RESPONSES = ["hi", "hey", "*nods*", "hi there", "hello", "I am glad! You are talking to me"]def greeting(sentence):
for word in sentence.split():
if word.lower() in GREETING_INPUTS:
return random.choice(GREETING_RESPONSES)
Generating Response
To generate a response from our bot for input questions, the concept of document similarity will be used. So we begin by importing necessary modules.
- From scikit learn library, import the TFidf vectorizer to convert a collection of raw documents to a matrix of TF-IDF features.
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import TfidfVectorizer- Also, import cosine similarity module from scikit learn library
from sklearn.metrics.pairwise import cosine_similarityThis will be used to find the similarity between words entered by the user and the words in the corpus. This is the simplest possible implementation of a chatbot.
We define a function response which searches the user’s utterance for one or more known keywords and returns one of several possible responses. If it doesn’t find the input matching any of the keywords, it returns a response:” I am sorry! I don’t understand you”
def response(user_response):
robo_response=''TfidfVec = TfidfVectorizer(tokenizer=LemNormalize, stop_words='english')
tfidf = TfidfVec.fit_transform(sent_tokens)
vals = cosine_similarity(tfidf[-1], tfidf)
idx=vals.argsort()[0][-2]
flat = vals.flatten()
flat.sort()
req_tfidf = flat[-2]if(req_tfidf==0):
robo_response=robo_response+"I am sorry! I don't understand you"
return robo_response
else:
robo_response = robo_response+sent_tokens[idx]
return robo_response
Finally, we will feed the lines that we want our bot to say while starting and ending a conversation depending upon user’s input.
flag=True
print("ROBO: My name is Robo. I will answer your queries about Chatbots. If you want to exit, type Bye!")while(flag==True):
user_response = input()
user_response=user_response.lower()
if(user_response!='bye'):
if(user_response=='thanks' or user_response=='thank you' ):
flag=False
print("ROBO: You are welcome..")
else:
if(greeting(user_response)!=None):
print("ROBO: "+greeting(user_response))
else:
sent_tokens.append(user_response)
word_tokens=word_tokens+nltk.word_tokenize(user_response)
final_words=list(set(word_tokens))
print("ROBO: ",end="")
print(response(user_response))
sent_tokens.remove(user_response)
else:
flag=False
print("ROBO: Bye! take care..")
Final Code of the bot creation in Python NLTK
So that’s pretty much it. We have the coded our first chatbot in NLTK. You can find the entire code here.
Now, let us see how it interacts with humans:
This wasn’t too bad. Even though the chatbot couldn’t give a satisfactory answer for some questions, it fared pretty well on others.
Conclusion
Though it is a very simple bot with hardly any cognitive skills, its a good way to get into NLP and get to know about chatbots. Though ‘ROBO’ responds to user input. It won’t fool your friends, and for a production system you’ll want to consider one of the existing bot platforms or frameworks, but this example should help you think through the design and challenge of creating a chatbot. Internet is flooded with resources and after reading this article I am sure , you will want to create a chatbot of your own. So happy tinkering!!
I hope you found this article useful. To know about the working of NLP and to know computer understands human language, read this post.
This article was originally published on https://blog.yellowant.com/
