Seeking Better Representations in Anthropology

View our daily stories:

February 1st: Michel-Rolph Trouillot
February 2nd: Johnetta Betsch Cole
February 3rd: Charles Preston Warren
February 4th: Vera Mae Green
February 5th: Arthur Huff Fauset
February 6th: Zora Neale Hurston
February 7th: Caroline Bond Day
February 8th: Katherine Dunham
February 9th: Pearl Primus
February 10th: Karen G. Williams
February 11th: Ruth Wilson Gilmore
February 12th: Savannah Shange
February 13th: Walter R. Allen
February 14th: John Wesley Gilbert
February 15th: John Langston Gwaltney
February 16th: Glenn Jordan
February 17th: Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane
February 18th: Mark Hanna Watkins
February 19th: Leith Mullings
February 20th: Delmos Jones
February 21st: Louis Eugene King
February 22nd: Zeresenay Alemseged
February 23rd: Archie Mafeje
February 24th: Irma McClaurin
February 25th: James Lowell Gibbs, Jr.
February 26th: William Manning Marable
February 27th: Cheikh Anta Diop
February 28th: St. Clair Drake

Thanks to all who contributed to our celebration of Black History Month! We are still accepting submissions from authors who want to highlight contributions from Black anthropologists, contact keatinaj@piercecollege.edu for details.

Please see our special coverage of Women’s History:

• Yarimar Bonilla
• Niara Sudarkasa
• Deborah Johnson-Simon
• Erica Lorraine Williams
• Sheila Walker
• Barbara Myerhoff

Please return to this page frequently to find more articles!

Representation in Anthropology

We define anthropology as “the study of humanity” and this area of research requires the consideration of diverse perspectives in order to best understand the complete human experience. But, like so much of our modern world, anthropology is dominated by primarily white voices which blocks our ability to consider the complete picture of humanity that we seek to understand.

By privileging the white perspective within anthropological work, our field fails to recognize the experiences of Black people, Indigenous people, and people of color whenever non-European groups are constructed as subhuman or as “the other” (Blakey 2010). In fact, as anthropology was essential to the colonial endeavor, the study — and, thus, the objectification of — non-Europeans became the primary goal of initial anthropological fieldwork (Trouillot 2003). Even in more modern ethnographic work, the Black experience is primarily researched and analyzed by white social scientists (Young 2008). The essential research from Black anthropologists, Indigenous anthropologists, and anthropologists of color must be equally represented in the holistic study of humanity if we ever hope to gain a complete picture of the human condition.

Representation in the Classroom

Our new publication, “Representations” is specifically intended to elevate the quality of anthropology courses in institutions of higher education. While our students represent all races, genders, and identities, anthropological curriculum and anthropology departments fall short all too often (Brodkin, Morgen, and Hutchinson 2011). If we hope to train a new generation of anthropologists who can represent diverse perspectives, we must teach anthropology in a manner that allows our students to imagine themselves as professional anthropologists.

In “The Second Generation of African American Pioneers in Anthropology,” Ira E. Harrison, Deborah Johnson-Simon, and Erica Lorraine Williams note, “Students whose identities have been stigmatized or marginalized in society can find sources of inspiration in the stories of the next generation of black anthropologists (xxi).” In other words: classroom representation matters.

Black History Month

Harrison, Johnson-Simon, and Williams further note that,

“…we have gone from a time when the work of Black anthropologists was marginalized and invisibilized because the African American intellectual tradition was not valued by the academy to a time when [the journal] Cultural Anthropology published a series entitled “#BlackLivesMatter: Anti-Black Racism, Police Violence, and Resistance (xxii-xxiii).”

But, if our field has improved in highlighting the contributions of Black anthropologists, the classroom is an arena where representation is still lacking.

We know that Black Lives Matter and that the vital contributions of Black anthropologists matter to the success of our field. In honor of Black History Month, this publication will begin by highlighting some of the essential anthropological ideas and field research developed by a sampling of Black anthropologists in order to begin offering a more balanced representation of anthropological history.

Our Vision of Inclusivity

“Representations” is a project designed to bring the perspectives of a wider variety of groups to the forefront of the anthropology classroom. We selected this title as it encompasses our two goals:

1. to improve representation in the curriculum, and
2. to elevate the cultural representation of all groups from a diversity of perspectives.

We are launching this project in honor of Black History Month to recognize the contributions of Black anthropologists and hope to segue into a larger conversation about more under-represented communities in our field including Indigenous communities, communities of color, women and non-binary people, the LGBTQ+ community and beyond. We not only hope to highlight anthropologists from these communities, but we hope to highlight the lived experiences of people from these communities in an empowering way.

We are seeking writers, researchers, and editors to continue this project in March when we will highlight contributions from female anthropologists for Women’s History Month. To help, please contact Amanda Zunner-Keating at keatinaj@piercecollege.edu (both student researchers and professional anthropologists are welcome to contribute.)

Thank you to all who contributed to this project

Authors:
Courtney Azari
Corey Blatz
Mary Eberle
Aaron Ebriani
Lucas Manuel Guerrero
Roni Haziza
Ashley-Marie Hinds
Heather McIlvaine-Newsad
Lisa Matthies-Barnes
Zoe Jensen
Maria Juarez
Brun Mac Ámoinn
Ian Ramos
Jared Seow
Melissa Zamora
Amanda Zunner-Keating
Alexa Zysman

Editors:
Travis Du Bry, Los Angeles Southwest College
Duke Feldmeier, College of the Canyons
Erin Hayes, Los Angeles Pierce College
Brian Pierson, Los Angeles Pierce College
Jessica Proctor, College of the Canyons
Lisa Valdez, Los Angeles Pierce College
Amanda Zunner-Keating, Los Angeles Pierce College

Special thanks to Darian Farrell, Charles Townsend, and Brian Zunner-Keating for their moral support and brilliant editing. And gratitude to photographer Thomas Martinsen for our cover image.

And, special thanks to all who have blazed the trail before us including, but not limited to, the works in our bibliography.

For Further Reading

Adams, Amelia; Ross, Hubert; Williams, Lynne. “Caroline Bond Day.” The Second Generation of African American Pioneers in Anthropology, 15 Nov. 2018, pp. 37–50., doi:10.5406/j.ctv9b2vtr.5.

Allen, Walter R. “African American Family Life in Societal Context: Crisis and Hope.” Sociological Forum, vol. 10, no. 4, 1995, pp. 569–592. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/684772.

Alemseged, Zeresenay. “The Search for Humanity’s Roots.” TED, www.ted.com/talks/zeresenay_alemseged_the_search_for_humanity_s_roots?language=en#t-51961.

“An African American Pioneer in Greece: John Wesley Gilbert and the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1890–1891.” From the Archivist’s Notebook, 1 Oct. 2017, nataliavogeikoff.com/2017/08/01/an-african-american-pioneer-in-greece-john-wesley-gilbert-and-the-american-school-of-classical-studies-at-athens-1890–1891/.

“Anthropologists Engaged.” Anthropology and Development: Culture, Morality and Politics in a Globalised World, by Emma Crewe and Richard Axelby, Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 28–31.

“Anthropology for the 21st Century.” Essentials of Cultural Anthropology: a Toolkit for a Global Age, by Kenneth J. Guest, W. W. Norton and Company, 2020, pp. 9–69.

Appointment of Black Professor is Blocked. (1968). Tyler Morning Telegraphy, 14.

“Arthur Fauset, Folklorist Born.” African American Registry, 21 Sept. 2020, aaregistry.org/story/arthur-fauset-folklorist-born/.

“Arthur Fauset.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Dec. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Fauset.

Asad, Talal. “Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter.” The Politics of Anthropology, doi:10.1515/9783110806458.85.

Babers, M. (2020, June 07). JOHNNETTA BETSCH COLE (1936- ). Retrieved January 11, 2021, from https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/johnnetta-betsch-cole-1936/

Baldwin-Jones, Alice. “Charles Preston Warren II.” The Second Generation of African American Pioneers in Anthropology, 15 Nov. 2018, pp. 33–41., doi:10.5406/j.ctv9b2vtr.5.

Barnes, Riché, “Johnetta Betsch Cole: Eradicating Multiple Systems of Oppression.” The Second Generation of African American Pioneers in Anthropology, University of Illinois Press, 2018

Barton, John H., et al. Law in Radically Different Cultures. West, 1983.

Bejarano, Alonso Carolina, et al. Decolonizing Ethnography: Undocumented Immigrants and New Directions in Social Science. Duke University Press, 2019.

Biographical & Bibliographic Milestones. (n.d.). Cheikh Anta Diop. http://www.cheikhantadiop.net/cheikh_anta_diop_biograph.htm

Blakey, Michael L. “Man and Nature, White and Other.” Decolonizing Anthropology: Moving Further toward an Anthropology for Liberation, edited by Faye Venetia Harrison, Association of Black Anthropologists, American Anthropological Association, 2010, pp. 16–24.

Boas, Franz. The Mind of Primitive Man. Forgotten Books, 2015.

Bolles, A. Lynn. “Seeking the Ancestors: Forging A Black Feminist Tradition in Anthropology.” Black Feminist Anthropology: Theory, Politics, Praxis, and Poetics, edited by Irma McClaurin, Rutgers Univ. Press, 2001, pp. 24–76.

Bonilla, Yarimar. “Burning Questions: The Life and Work of Michel-Rolph Trouillot, 1949–2012.” NACLA, 2013, nacla.org/news/2013/5/31/burning-questions-life-and-work-michel-rolph-trouillot-1949%E2%80%932012.

Brodkin, Karen, et al. “Anthropology as a White Public Space?” American Anthropologist, vol. 113, no. 4, 2011, pp. 545–556.

Browne, Dallas L. “James Lowell Gibbs Jr.: A Life of Educational Achievement and Service.” The Second Generation of African American Pioneers in Anthropology, edited by Ira E. Harrison et al., University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Chicago; Springfield, 2018, pp. 1–14. JSTOR, muse.jhu.edu/book/63454. Accessed 23 Feb. 2021.

Buck, Pem Davidson. In/Equality: an Alternative Anthropology. CAT Publishing, 2020.

“Caroline Bond Day (1889–1948).” Association of Black Anthropologists — ABA Is a Section of the American Anthropological Association, aba.americananthro.org/caroline-bond-day-1889–1948/.

Carpenter, Carole H. “Arthut Huff Fauset, Campaigner for Social Justice: A Symphony of Diversity.” African-American Pioneers in Anthropology, edited by Faye Venetia Harrison and Ira E. Harrison, University of Illinois Press, 1999, pp. 213–242.

“CHARLES P. WARREN, 66, ANTHROPOLOGY PROFESSOR.” Chicago Tribune, 28 Dec. 1987, webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:JWdLeAimc6MJ:https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-12-28-8704060463-story.html+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us.

“Charles Preston Warren (1921–1987).” Association of Black Anthropologists, aba.americananthro.org/charles-preston-warren-1921–1987/.

Cheikh Anta Diop University (1957 — ). (2009, Mar. 8). Blackpast. https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/cheikh-anta-diop-university-1957/#:~:text=A%20few%20months%20after%20the,preeminent%20researchers%20of%20the%20IFAN

CODESRIA (2007). Archie Mafeje: A Tribute. http://www.codesria.org/IMG/pdf/tribute_mafeje.pdf

Cole, Johnnetta Betsch. Racism in American Public Life: A Call to Action. United States, University of Virginia Press, 2021.

Cole, Johnnetta B. “Obituaries.” American Anthropologist, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 633–635.

Cole, Johnnetta B. “John Langston Gwaltney (1928–1998).” American Anthropologist, vol. 101, no. 3, 1999, pp. 614–616., doi:10.1525/aa.1999.101.3.614.

Curwood, A.C. (2012), Caroline Bond Day (1889–1948): A Black Woman Outsider Within Physical Anthropology. Transform Anthropol, 20: 79–89.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-7466.2011.01145.x

Dewalt, Billie R., and Kathleen M. Dewalt. Participant Observation: a Guide for Fieldworkers. Md., 2011.

Diop, Cheikh Anta. (n.d.) International Dictionary of Intellectual Historians. http://idih.hab.de/HF-d-sample-diop.htm

Diopian Institute For Scholarly Advancement. (n.d.) Cheikh Anta Diop. https://www.diopianinstitute.org/index.php/about/cheikh-anta-diop

Drake, St. Clair. 1978. “Reflections on Anthropology and the Black Experience.” Anthropology and Educational Quarterly 9 (2):85–109.

“Dr. Vera Mae Green.” The New York Times, 18 Jan. 1982, p. 10.

Dunning, Jennifer. “Pearl Primus Is Dead at 74; A Pioneer of Modern Dance.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 31 Oct. 1994, www.nytimes.com/1994/10/31/obituaries/pearl-primus-is-dead-at-74-a-pioneer-of-modern-dance.html.

Dunham, Katherine. Island Possessed. University of Chicago Press, 1994.

Foulkes, J. (1995). Pearl Primus: Pearl in our Midst. Dance Research Journal, 27(1), 80–82. doi:10.1017/S014976770000423X“Pearl Primus (1919–1994).” Association of Black Anthropologists, American Anthropological Association, aba.americananthro.org/pearl-primus-1919–1994/.

“FOUNDING DIRECTOR | IRAAS Institute for Research in African-American Studies”. iraas.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2021–02–24.

Gibbs, James L. “The Kpelle Moot: A Therapeutic Model for the Informal Settlement of Disputes.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 33, no. 1, 1963, pp. 1–11. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1157793. Accessed 23 Feb. 2021.

Gibbs, James Lowell. (2015). Oral History. Stanford Historical Society Oral History Program Interviews (SC0932). Department of Special Collections & University Archives, Stanford

Gibbs, James Lowell. (2011). Stanford Historical Society Oral History Program Interviews (SC0932). Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif. Available at: https://purl.stanford.edu/qm458gt7082

Gibbs, James L. Peoples of Africa. Waweland Press, 1988.

Gilmore, R. W. (2014, November 8). Biography. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20141108134627/http://oldweb.geog.berkeley.edu/PeopleHistory/faculty/R_Gilmore.html

Gilmore, R. W. (1999). Globalisation and US prison growth: From military Keynesianism to post-Keynesian militarism. Race & Class, 40(2–3), 171–188. doi:10.1177/030639689904000212

Grimes, William. “Manning Marable, Historian and Social Critic, Dies at 60”, New York Times, April 1, 2011. Retrieved 2021–02–24.

“Glenn Jordan.” Academia, n.d, cardiff.academia.edu/GlennJordan.

Gordon, Laura. GILBERT, John Wesley, dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/9304-gilbert-john-wesley.

Green, Vera M. “The Confrontation of Diversity within the Black Community.” Human Organization, vol. 29, no. 4, 1970.

Gunz, P., Neubauer, S., Faulk, D., Tafforeau, P., Le Cabec, A., Smith, T.M., Kimbel, W.H., Spoor, F., Alemseged, Z., Australopithecus afarensis endocasts suggest ape-like brain organization and prolonged brain growth. Science Advances. 6: eaaz4729.

Hendricks, F. (2007). EDITORIAL: A brief tribute to Archie Mafeje. African Sociological Review /Revue Africaine De Sociologie, 11(1), 1 3.http://www.jstor.org/stable/24487581

Haf, Nia, and Glenn Jordan. “In Conversation with Glenn Jordan.” Nia Haf, 2012, nia-haf.co.uk/for-part-of-our/.

Houser, George. “Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane June 1920 — February 1969.” Memorial Service, 13 Feb. 1969, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/al.sff.document.pwmoz000027

Harrison, Ira E. “The Association of Black Anthropologists: A Brief History.” Anthropology Today, vol. 3, no. 1, 1987, pp. 17–21.

Harrison, Ira E. “Louis Eugene King, the Anthropologist Who Never Was.” African-American Pioneers in Anthropology, by Faye Venetia Harrison and Ira E. Harrison, University of Illinois Press, 1999.

Harrison, Faye Venetia, and Ira E. Harrison. African-American Pioneers in Anthropology. University of Illinois Press, 1999.

Harrison, Ira E., et al. The Second Generation of African American Pioneers in Anthropology. University of Illinois Press, 2018.

Harrison, Faye V. Outsider within: Reworking Anthropology in the Global Age. Univ. of Illinois Press, 2008.

Harrison, Faye Venetia. Resisting Racism and Xenophobia: Global Perspectives on Race, Gender, and Human Rights. AltaMira Press, 2005.

Hawley, Edward A. “Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane (1920–1969): A Personal Memoir.” Africa Today , 1st Qtr., vol. 26, no. 1, 1979, pp. 19–24., www.jstor.org/stable/4185824.

“Imaginative Geography and Its Representations.” Orientalism, by Edward W. Said, Vintage Books, 2004, pp. 49–72.

Jackson, Antoinette. “Vera Mae Green: Quacker Roots and Applied Anthropology.” The Second Generation of African American Pioneers in Anthropology, 15 Nov. 2018, pp. 33–41., doi:10.5406/j.ctv9b2vtr.5.

Jordan, Glenn. “Dr Glenn Jordan, Butetown History & Arts Centre.” GOT Project, n.d., got.uk.net/index.php/news-events/launch-programme/128-dr-glenn-jordan-butetown-history-arts-centre.

Jordan, Glenn. “Re-Membering the African-American Past.” Cultural Studies, vol. 25, no. 6, 2011, pp. 848–891., doi:10.1080/09502386.2011.605269.

Jordan, Glenn, and Chris Weedon. Cultural Politics: Class, Gender, Race And The Postmodern World. Wiley-Blackwell, 1995.

Johnson, P. P. (2006, October 1). Portrait of an Activist-Academic > News > USC Dornsife. Retrieved from https://dornsife.usc.edu/news/stories/223/portrait-of-an-activist-academic/

“John Langston Gwaltney (1928–1998).” Association of Black Anthropologists — ABA Is a Section of the American Anthropological Association, aba.americananthro.org/john-langston-gwaltney-1928–1998/.

Johnson-Simon, Deborah. “The Development of a Core Black Ethnography and Museology.” University of Illinois Press, 2018, pp. 99–113. JSTOR, www.jstor.org.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctv9b2vtr.11. Accessed 31 Jan. 2021.

Jones, Delmos. “Epilogue.” Decolonizing Anthropology: Moving Further toward an Anthropology for Liberation, by Faye Venetia Harrison, Association of Black Anthropologists, American Anthropological Association, 2010.

Jones, Delmos. “Towards a Native Anthropology.” Human Organization, vol. 29, no. 4, 1970, pp. 251–259., doi:10.17730/humo.29.4.717764244331m4qv.

Jordan, Glenn. “An African Presence in Europe.” Cultural Studies, vol. 22, no. 2, 2008, pp. 328–353., doi:10.1080/09502380701789232.

Katherine Dunham — Katherine Dunham Biography, 2011, kdcah.org/katherine-dunham-biography/.

Katz, Marc (2011–05–08). “Marable part of Dayton’s literary legacy”. Dayton Daily News. p. D4. Retrieved 2021–02–24.

KentakePage. “John Wesley Gilbert: The First African-American Archaeologist.” Kentake Page, 16 Aug. 2020, kentakepage.com/john-wesley-gilbert-the-first-african-american-archaeologist.

Klugh, Elgin. “Delmos Jones and the End of Neutrality.” The Second Generation of African American Pioneers in Anthropology, University of Illinois Press, 2018.

Kraut, Anthea, “Between Primitivism and Diaspora: The Dance Performances of Josephine Baker, Zora Neale Hurston, and Katherine Dunham.” Theatre Journal Volume 55, issue 3 (2003) pages, 433–450. JSTOR

Kuper, Adam. Anthropology and Anthropologists: the Modern British School. Routledge, 2006.

Kushner, R. (2019, April 17). Is Prison Necessary? Ruth Wilson Gilmore Might Change Your Mind. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/17/magazine/prison-abolition-ruth-wilson-gilmore.html

Kyaw, Arrman. “Anthropologist and Race Scholar Dr. Leith Mullings Dead at 75.” Diverse Education, 15 Dec. 2020, diverseeducation.com/article/199327/.

“Louis Eugene King.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, March 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Eugene_King.

“Manning Marable’s Living Legacy”. columbia.edu. Columbia Magazine. Summer 2011. Retrieved 2021–02–24.

McClaurin, Irma. “Finding Zora.” Association for Feminist Anthropology, 2018, research.ufl.edu/publications/explore/v07n1/zora.htm.

McClaurin, Irma. “Theorizing A Black Feminist Self.” Black Feminist Anthropology: Theory, Politics, Praxis, and Poetics, edited by Irma McClaurin, Rutgers Univ. Press, 2001, pp. 49–76.

McQueen, Albert J. “In Memory of Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane ’53 1920–1969 to Be Honored at May Reunion.” Alumni News & Notes, Oberlin.edu, 1998, www2.oberlin.edu/alummag/oampast/oam_spring98/Alum_n_n/eduardo.html.

Milman, E., Daugherty, J., Alemseged, Z., Brennan, K., Lebowicz, L., Visualization of a Juvenile Australopithecus afarensis Specimen: Implications for Functional Foot Anatomy. Journal of Biocommunications. 43(2).

Mullings, Leith. On Our Own Terms: Race, Class, and Gender in the Lives of African American Women. Routledge, 1997.

Nabudere, D.W. (2011). Archie Mafeje: Scholar, Activist and Thinker. African Institute of SouthAfrica.

Nelson, Katie. “Introduction to Anthropology.” Perspectives: an Open Invitation to Cultural Anthropology, 2017.

Ntozake Shange. (2021, January 24). Retrieved February 03, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntozake_Shange

Nyoka, B. (2012). Mafeje and ‘Authentic Interlocutors’: An appraisal of his epistemology. African

“Pearl Primus.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 25 Nov. 2020, www.britannica.com/biography/Pearl-Primus.

“The Politics of Anthropology.” Gender and Difference in a Globalizing World: Twenty-First-Century Anthropology, by Frances E. Mascia-Lees, Waveland Press Inc, 2010, 212, 69–70.

“Production.” Sweetness and Power: the Place of Sugar in Modern History, by Sidney Winfried Mintz, Penguin Books, 2018, pp. 20–73.

Principal faculty. (n.d.). Retrieved February 03, 2021, from https://cres.ucsc.edu/faculty/regular-faculty.php?uid=sshangeb

Robeson, Eslanda Goode. African Journey. Greenwood Press, 1972.

Rodriguez, Cheryl R. “Gwaltney’s Influence on African American Anthropology.” Transforming Anthropology 7. 2 (1998): 71–72.

S. African Students Defy P.M. (1968). The Sydney Morning Health, 4.

Savannah Shange and the BLACK/GIRLHOOD IMAGINARY. (n.d.). Retrieved February 03, 2021, from https://www.crg.berkeley.edu/events/savannah-shange-and-the-black-girlhood-imaginary-2/

Shange, S. (n.d.). Progressive dystopia: ABOLITION, Anti Blackness, and schooling in San Francisco. Retrieved February 03, 2021, from https://www.dukeupress.edu/progressive-dystopia

SAHO. “Eduardo Mondlane.” South African History Online, 2019, www.sahistory.org.za/people/eduardo-mondlane.

Shore, Herbert. “Remembering Eduardo: Reflections on the Life and Legacy of Eduardo Mondlane.” Africa Today, 1st Qtr. — 2nd Qtr., vol. 39, no. 1/2, 1992, pp. 35–52., www.jstor.com/stable/4186802.

Shook, Beth, et al. Explorations: An Open Invitation to Biological Anthropology. 2019.

Sociological Review / Revue Africaine De Sociologie, 16(1), 2–16. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24487685

Solheim, Wilhelm G. II. “Charles Preston Warren 1921–1987.” Asian Perspectives, vol. 27, 1990.

Soluri, K. Elizabeth, and Sabrina Agarwal. Laboratory Manual and Workbook for Biological Anthropology: Engaging with Human Evolution. W.W. Norton & Company, 2020.

Staff, DPAAC, “Watkins, Mark Hanna” (2016). Manuscript Division Finding Aids. 262. https://dh.howard.edu/finaid_manu/262

Svart, Maria (November 7, 2011). “Let’s Talk Democratic Socialism, Already”. In These Times. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved 2021–02–24.

“Toward A Definition of White Logic and White Methods .” White Logic, White Methods: Racism and Methodology, by Tukufu Zuberi and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008, pp. 18–19.

Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Global Transformations: Anthropology and the Modern World. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. 1995 Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. Global Transformations: Anthropology and the Modern World. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.

University of Pennsylvania. “Arthur Huff Fauset Papers”, 1855–1983.

University Libraries, Stanford, Calif. Available at: https://purl.stanford.edu/cv354mk2226

Wolf, E. Europe and the People without History. University of California Press, 1982.

Wright, Patricia. “The Prime of Miss Pearl Primus.” CONTACT 10, no. 3 (February 1985): 1316.

Williams, Karen G., and DaRa Williams. “Now Online: Free At Last — Identifying Our Suffering Around Race.” New York Insight Meditation Center, 14 May 2020, www.nyimc.org/event/free-at-last-identifying-our-suffering-around-race/.

Williams, Karen G., “From Coercion to Consent?: Governing the Formerly Incarcerated in the 21st Century United States” (2016). CUNY Academic Works.https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/717

Young Jr., Alford A. “White Ethnographers and the Experiences of African American Men: Then And Now .” White Logic, White Methods: Racism and Methodology, edited by Tukufu Zuberi and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Rowman & Littlefield, 2008, pp. 179–200.

“Zeray Alemseged.” California Academy of Sciences, www.calacademy.org/explore-science/zeray-alemseged.

“Zeresenay Alemseged.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 20 Sept. 2006, www.nature.com/articles/7109xiiia.

“Zeresenay Alemseged, PhD.” | Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy | The University of Chicago, oba.bsd.uchicago.edu/faculty/zeresenay-alemseged-phd.

Please consider buying the books mentioned in our publication from a Black-owned bookstore. See Eso Won Books, Reparations Club, Malik Books, Shades of Afrika.