The Forwardable module in Ruby — Part I

In this article we’re going to explore the following topics:

• the Forwardable module
• the def_delegator method
• the def_delegators method
• the delegate method

The Forwardable module

Forwardable is a module that can be used to add behavior to all the instances of a given class.

This module is included to the singleton class using the extend keyword in order to add methods at class-level (to keep it simple).

So let’s break down the API.

The def_delegator method

The Forwardable#def_delegator method allows an object to forward a message to a defined receiver.

NB: feel free to have a look to my article if you’re unfamiliar with the notion of messages and receivers in Ruby.

Nothing better than example to demystify the previous assertion

# in forwardable.rb
class Hero
  attr :skills
  def initialize
    @skills = [:strong, :keen, :brave]
  end
end
jack = Hero.new
puts "Jack's main skill: #{jack.skills.first}"

produces

?> ruby forwardable.rb
Jack's main skill: strong

This works.. But calling jack.skills.first outside of the Hero class definition is a bit.. weirdo !

So let’s encapsulate this code into the Hero class definition

# in forwardable.rb
class Hero
  attr :skills
  def initialize
    @skills = [:strong, :keen, :brave]
  end
  def main_skill
    @skills.first
  end
end
jack = Hero.new
puts "Jack's main skill: #{jack.main_skill}"

produces

?> ruby forwardable.rb
Jack's main skill: strong

Better ! here the Hero#main_skill method contains the logic to access to the hero main skill.

This solution is acceptable. But Ruby provides a mechanism to forward a message (#first) from an instance (jack) to an explicit receiver (skills) using the Forwardable#def_delegator method.

So let’s modify our gist using this method

# in forwardable.rb
require 'forwardable'
class Hero
  attr :skills
  extend Forwardable
  def_delegator :@skills, :first, :main_skill
  def initialize
    @skills = [:strong, :keen, :brave]
  end
end
jack = Hero.new
puts "Jack's main skill: #{jack.main_skill}"

produces

?> ruby forwardable.rb
Jack's main skill: strong

Cool ! Here we avoid to create a getter method to access skills.first by using the message forwarding system provided by Ruby.

First, we require the forwardable library.

Then, we extend Forwardable in order to add the module methods at class-level.

Then we use the freshly added class-level method def_delegator:

• The first argument :@skills correspond to the receiver of the message forwarding.
• The second argument :first is the message to forward.
• And finally the third argument :main_skill is an alias of the :first message. So, when we call jack.main_skill — which is more readable than jack.first — then internally the skills.first will be automatically called.

The def_delegators method

The 2 main differences with the def_delegator method is that it takes a set of methods to forward and the methods cannot be aliased

# in forwardable.rb
require 'forwardable'
class Todolist
  attr :tasks
  extend Forwardable
  def_delegators :@tasks, :first, :last
  def initialize
    @tasks = %w[conception implementation refactoring]
  end
end
todolist = Todolist.new
puts "first tasks: #{todolist.first}"
puts "last  tasks: #{todolist.last}"

produces

?> ruby forwardable.rb
first tasks: conception
last  tasks: refactoring

Here, the first and last method of the tasks array are available for any instance of Todolist.

when one of these 2 methods are called then the message is forwarded to the tasks array.

The delegate method

The delegate method accepts a hash as argument where:

• the key is one or more messages
• the value is the receiver of the messages defined as key

# in forwardable.rb
require 'forwardable'
class Computer
  attr :cores, :screens
  extend Forwardable
  delegate %I[size]   => :@cores,
           %I[length] => :@screens
def initialize
    @cores  = (1..8).to_a
    @screens = [1, 2]
  end
end
macrosoft = Computer.new
puts "Cores:   #{macrosoft.size}"
puts "Screens: #{macrosoft.length}"

produces

$> ruby forwardable.rb
Cores:   8
Screens: 2

Here, the macrosoft.size message corresponds to the macrosoft.cores.size.

And, the macrosoft.length message corresponds to the macrosoft.screens.length.

Feel free to have a look to the Part II about the SingleForwardable module.

Voilà !

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