The Guardian Archive as a resource for learning about African Decolonisation
Guest blog by Owen Mills, postgraduate student on the MA in Art Gallery and Museum Studies at the University of Manchester.
The Guardian Archive at the University of Manchester Special Collections held at the John Rylands Library is a vast and valuable resource for anyone looking to research social, political, and cultural developments throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. It holds correspondence and dispatches of journalists as well as records that relate to the Guardian as a business.
Part of this archive focusses on the post-war period of decolonisation in Africa and is an invaluable resource to any student researching the continent during this period. The existence of these rich materials can be partly attributed to PJ Monkhouse, who as deputy-editor of the Guardian, endeavoured to make reporting on Africa one of the newspapers specialities. This period was defined by huge social, political changes across the world. The correspondence files give direct insight into the process of decolonisation, and how it was reported in a left-leaning, liberal newspaper.
I have chosen a file to explore how you can pull out engaging stories from within the archive. It is the political interview notes of a journalist who sat down with the first President of an independent Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta. The meeting took place in March 1965, just 16 months after the country had become independent. The name of the journalist who interviewed Kenyatta is not recorded but I suspect it was either Clyde Sanger or Patrick Keatley who were both reported on Kenyan affairs frequently in these years.
Kenyatta and the Manchester Guardian
The Guardian was a supporter of independence causes throughout the world, a fact that Kenyatta had not forgotten. “For a long period it was, he said, the only British paper that took account of the nationalist case.” Kenyatta conveyed his gratitude of the Guardian’s sympathetic stance of independence causes and the objectivity of their reporting in the post-war period. The Guardian had previously printed a number of Kenyatta’s letters to the editor throughout the late 20s and early 30s, a further reflection of the longstanding commitment the newspaper had for countries trying to achieve self-determination.
Kenyatta’s connections to the newspaper become even closer when he mentions that he met C.P. Scott the legendary editor of the newspaper. He also spent some time staying in Manchester in 1945. He was in the city for the fifth Pan-African Congress held at Chorlton-on-Medlock Town Hall where he shared the company of other future significant African leaders including Kwame Nkrumah, future president of Ghana, Hasting Banda future president of Malawi, and W.E.B. Du Bois the prolific African-American academic. It is worth looking at the Guardian’s reporting on the Pan-African Congress and their support for its aims.
Despite the Guardian having a reputation for promoting liberal ideology, the interviewer, at times, almost seems to impose the wish of British military intervention on Kenyatta: “I asked whether he would be disappointed if there was no military action.” A question asked in relation to the developing situation in Rhodesia [Zimbabwe] where Ian Smith’s government was moving towards establishing an independent minority ruled state.
At another point the interviewer asks “whether he could conceive of circumstances under which British military aid might be called upon.” Military force seems an odd line of questioning for a new nation trying to forge its own peaceful path in a post-colonial world. Nevertheless, Kenyatta insists “bloodshed…does not help,” relating to his own commitment of African unity through diplomacy over violence. (Kenyatta, Suffering Without Bitterness, pg 278–280).
Kenyatta also admits to feeling anxious of accepting economic aid from Britain. This shows the prudent mindset of a man who is trying to create an economically independent future for his country, while being acutely aware of the continued influence Britain will have through its own economic strength. (Kenyatta, Suffering Without Bitterness, pg 267)
These documents provide a candid real time insight to a time and a place in the past. Any student or researcher should understand this importance considering the widespread destruction of government records during the decolonisation period. The Guardian Archives can present an alternative view of official, or officially missing, narratives.
Further Discussion:
- How does the view of Guardian journalists differ with Independence leaders on the nature of decolonisation?
- Exactly how ‘liberal’ was the Guardian’s view on decolonisation?
Additional Materials:
- Digitised back editions of the Guardian and the Observer are available to the University of Manchester students via ProQuest . For those who are not members of the university, the back editions can be accessed via ProQuest through membership of Manchester Libraries.
- Clyde Sanger: The Guardian’s first Africa correspondent | GNM archive | The Guardian
- Empire Pod recently published a podcast on the Mau Mau revolt, and the destruction of government records focussing on Kenya. https://www.goalhangerpodcasts.com/battleground-copy
- Gildea, Robert. 2019. Empires of the Mind: The Colonial Past and the politics of the present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Kenyatta, Jomo. 1968. Suffering Without Bitterness. Nairobi: East Africa Publishing House.
- The Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Race Relations centre blog on the 1945 Pan-African Congress
