What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Akanksha Chandan
The Mind Rhythm
Published in
8 min readSep 12, 2024

Autism is not an illness!

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

While autism is often referred to as a “disorder” or “condition,” it’s not an illness in the traditional sense. It’s a neurodevelopmental difference, meaning it’s a variation in how the brain functions.

Neurodivergent’ is a term used to describe someone whose brain, thought processes and cognitive abilities differ from neurotypical ones. Neurodivergence is natural and neurodiversity should be welcomed and appreciated as part of human difference.

People with autism often have unique strengths and perspectives. It’s important to view autism as a natural variation in human development, rather than a problem that needs to be fixed.

Here are a few well-known figures who have publicly shared their experiences with autism:

  • Temple Grandin: A renowned animal scientist and advocate for autism, Grandin has been instrumental in improving the understanding and acceptance of autism. Her memoir, “The Autistic Self-Discovery Handbook,” is a must-read.
  • Greta Thunberg: The Swedish environmental activist has become a global icon, inspiring millions to take action against climate change. Thunberg has openly discussed her experiences with Asperger’s syndrome and how it has shaped her perspective.
  • Daryl Hannah: The actress has been vocal about her autism diagnosis, sharing her experiences and advocating for greater understanding and acceptance.
  • Anthony Hopkins: The acclaimed actor revealed his diagnosis with Asperger’s syndrome in 2018, saying that it has helped him understand his unique perspective and creative process.
  • Susan Boyle: The singer, who rose to fame on the TV show “Britain’s Got Talent,” has shared her experiences with autism and how it has influenced her career.

These are just a few examples of autistic celebrities who have used their platforms to raise awareness and inspire others. Their stories demonstrate the incredible diversity and talent within the autism community.

Let’s understand Autism in depth!

What is Autism?

Autism, also called autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a complex, lifelong neurodevelopmental difference that can affect communication, behavior, and social interaction. It affects people in different ways and to varying degrees. It typically becomes evident by age 2 or 3.

The History of Autism

The term “autism” was first coined in 1911 by the Austrian child psychiatrist Leo Kanner. He described a group of children with similar symptoms, including social withdrawal, repetitive behaviors, and difficulty with communication. However, it wasn’t until the 1940s that autism gained wider recognition.

First Patient of Autism

Kanner’s first reported case was a young boy named Donald Triplett, who was described as having “autistic aloneness” and a preoccupation with certain objects.

Early Treatment of Autism

Early treatments for autism were often based on theories that suggested it was caused by psychological factors, such as “refrigerator mothers” who were believed to be emotionally distant and unloving. These treatments were often ineffective and harmful.

Source: Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 24(3), 217–250.

Understanding Autism: Key Characteristics

People with autism often experience the world differently than neurotypical individuals. This can manifest in various ways, including:

  • Social challenges: Difficulty understanding social cues, maintaining eye contact, and engaging in conversations.
  • Communication difficulties: Delayed speech, echolalia (repeating words or phrases), or problems with nonverbal communication.
  • Repetitive behaviors: Engaging in repetitive actions, routines, or rituals.
  • Sensory sensitivities: Over- or under-sensitivity to sensory stimuli like sounds, lights, or textures.
  • Strengths and talents: Many autistic individuals possess unique strengths and talents, such as exceptional memory, attention to detail, or creative abilities.

Autism Symptoms in Children

Autism typically becomes evident in early childhood, often around age 2 or 3. Symptoms in children may include:

  • Delayed speech and language development
  • Difficulty understanding social cues
  • Repetitive behaviors
  • Sensory sensitivities
  • Problems with motor skills

Why does it develop in childhood?

Autism is believed to be a neurodevelopmental difference, meaning it originates in the brain during early development. While the exact causes are not fully understood, genetic factors and environmental influences are thought to play a role.

Autism Symptoms in Adults

Many autistic individuals continue to experience symptoms into adulthood. These may include:

  • Social challenges: Difficulty understanding social cues, maintaining relationships, and managing stress.
  • Communication difficulties: Problems with nonverbal communication, maintaining eye contact, and expressing emotions.
  • Repetitive behaviors: Engaging in repetitive routines or rituals.
  • Sensory sensitivities: Over- or under-sensitivity to sensory stimuli.
  • Mental health challenges: Autism is often associated with higher rates of anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions.

Are There Any Types of Autism?

Well yes! Autism affects people in different ways and to varying degrees. While there is no official classification system, some common terms used to describe different presentations of autism include:

  • High-functioning autism: Individuals with high-functioning autism often have strong verbal skills and cognitive abilities but may face challenges with social interaction and sensory processing.
  • Asperger’s syndrome: This term is often used to describe individuals with autism who have average or above-average intelligence, good verbal skills, and limited social skills.
  • Classic autism: This term is used to describe individuals with autism who have significant delays in language, social skills, and cognitive development.

Note: The term “Asperger’s syndrome” is no longer used in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), but it is still recognized in some parts of the world.

What is The Primary Cause of Autism?

The exact causes of autism are not fully understood, but research suggests a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some potential contributing factors include:

  • Genetics: Studies have shown that autism is more common in families with a history of neurodevelopmental differences.
  • Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins or infections during pregnancy or early childhood has been suggested as a possible risk factor, but more research is needed.

Why is Autism More Common in Boys?

Autism is more common in boys than girls, with a prevalence ratio of approximately 4:1. However, the reason why autism is more common in boys than girls is a complex question that researchers are still exploring.

It can affect individuals from all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Family income, lifestyle, or educational level do not influence a child’s risk of autism. However, certain factors may increase the likelihood of having a child with autism:

  • Parental Age: Older parents, especially fathers, have a slightly increased risk of having a child with autism.
  • Prenatal Exposures: Exposure to certain drugs or chemicals during pregnancy, such as alcohol or anti-seizure medications, can increase the risk.
  • Maternal Health: Maternal metabolic conditions like diabetes and obesity have been linked to a higher risk of autism.
  • Genetic Factors: Untreated phenylketonuria (PKU) and rubella (German measles) have also been associated with an increased risk.

How to Diagnose Autism?

Diagnosing autism is a complex process that typically involves a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals. Here’s a breakdown of the steps involved:

1. Initial Screening:

  • Parent or caregiver observation: Parents or caregivers often notice early signs of autism, such as delayed speech, repetitive behaviors, or social difficulties.
  • Developmental screenings: Pediatricians may use standardized developmental screening tools to identify potential concerns.

2. Comprehensive Evaluation:

  • In-depth assessment: A team of specialists, including a developmental pediatrician, psychologist, speech-language pathologist, and occupational therapist, will conduct a thorough evaluation.
  • Observation: The team will observe the child’s behavior, communication skills, and social interactions in various settings.
  • Diagnostic tools: Standardized diagnostic tools, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), may be used to guide the diagnosis.

3. Medical History Review:

  • Family history: The team will inquire about the child’s family history, particularly regarding autism or other developmental disorders.
  • Medical history: Any relevant medical conditions or developmental delays will be considered.

4. Medical Tests:

  • Rule out other conditions: Medical tests, such as hearing tests, genetic screenings, or brain imaging studies, may be necessary to rule out other potential causes of the child’s symptoms.

5. Diagnosis:

  • Consensus: Based on the comprehensive evaluation, the team will reach a consensus diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.

Important Considerations:

  • Early diagnosis: It’s crucial to seek early diagnosis to allow for timely intervention and support.
  • Individual variability: Autism is a spectrum disorder, meaning it affects individuals in different ways and to varying degrees. Therefore, the diagnostic process may vary depending on the child’s specific symptoms and needs.
  • Cultural considerations: It’s important to consider cultural factors that may influence the presentation or diagnosis of autism.

Remember: If you have concerns about a child’s development, it’s important to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation. Early diagnosis can lead to better outcomes and support for individuals with autism.

Can we cure Autism?

Currently, there is no cure for autism. However, early intervention and appropriate support can help individuals with autism develop their full potential and improve their quality of life.

Early Intervention

  • Importance: Starting early intervention programs as soon as possible can help children with autism develop essential skills, such as communication, social interaction, and independence.
  • Key Components: Early intervention often involves a multidisciplinary approach, including speech therapy, occupational therapy, behavioral therapy, and special education.

Proven Allopathic Treatments

  • Discrete Trial Training (DTT): A structured approach to teaching new skills, often used in conjunction with ABA.
  • Medication: Antipsychotics, stimulants, and antidepressants may be used to address certain behavioral symptoms, such as aggression, hyperactivity, or anxiety.

Proven Ayurvedic Treatments

While Western medicine has made significant strides in understanding and treating autism, Ayurvedic medicine offers a complementary approach that focuses on holistic well-being. Here are some proven Ayurvedic practices that can benefit individuals with autism:

  • Panchakarma: This detoxification process helps remove toxins from the body, which can improve overall health and well-being.
  • Herbal Therapies: Certain Ayurvedic herbs, such as Brahmi, Ashwagandha, and Shankhapushpi, are believed to have neuroprotective properties and can help improve cognitive function and reduce anxiety.
  • Dietary Modifications: Following an Ayurvedic diet can help balance the body’s doshas (energies) and support overall health.

Therapeutic Interventions

  • Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): This evidence-based therapy focuses on improving specific behaviors through positive reinforcement.
  • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT helps individuals with autism develop coping strategies for social challenges and anxiety.
  • Speech and Language Therapy: This therapy can help individuals with autism improve their communication skills.
  • Sensory Integration Therapy: Helps individuals with autism improve their sensory processing skills and develop adaptive behaviors.
  • Pivotal Response Training (PRT): A naturalistic approach that focuses on developing pivotal skills, such as motivation, self-regulation, and social initiation.
  • Occupational Therapies: Focuses on improving fine and gross motor skills, such as handwriting, coordination, and balance.

It’s important to note that the effectiveness of these treatments may vary depending on the individual and the severity of their autism. Consulting with qualified healthcare professionals, including pediatricians, neurologists, and therapists, is essential for developing a personalized treatment plan.

Want to Learn More About Autism?

We’re here to help! This blog post provided a basic understanding of autism, but there’s always more to discover.

Do you have:

  • Specific questions about autism?
  • Interest in exploring early intervention options?
  • Curiosity about how Ayurveda or psychological therapies can support individuals with autism?

The Mind Rhythm team is here to listen and connect you with resources.

Drop us an email at connect@themindrhythm.com and let’s start a conversation about how to support yourself or a loved one with autism.

Resources to read if you want to learn more about Autism

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Akanksha Chandan
The Mind Rhythm

MBA — Marketing & International Management | Marketing Team Lead @ Grazitti Interactive | Sprouting Interest in Psychology