Syllogism Concept Map

Fallacies

There are some types of deceptive reasoning; where there is no logical relationship between premises and conclusion, although sometimes it is not easy to realize.

Attack to a person: Refers to any condition of the person who issues an opinion and not what he says, it is usually very common when we no longer have reasonable elements to refute the argument.

Example: Of course he is going to say that abortion is wrong just because he is christian.

Popularity fallacy: It happens when we seek our arguments in a popular opinion and not because of the confidence that they are true.

Example: The majority of this country voted for this president; therefore, this president must, objectively, be a good president.

False generalization: This fallacy consists of gerenalizing from very few observed cases.

Example: Wife should stay at home taking care of the kids while husband should be working.

Petition of principle: In making an argument, one of the premises is again and again established as a conclusion, and then the conclusion is changed to one of the premises.

Example: No one is permitted to use the gymnasium on weekends, since people are permitted to use the gymnasium only on week days.

Appeal to force: The Sun orbits the Earth, rather than the other way around.

Appeal to feeling: It seeks to expose an idea that moves the feeling or pity instead of offering reasons

Example: Please, understand that I couldn´t go, my parents were so mad at me yesterday and I don´t think im going out anywhere for a year.

By ignorance: When it intended to offer as explanation the ignorance of something to evade a responsibility.

Example: I didn´t knew that homework was for today.

Appeal to authority: It occurs when an idea or argument is not analyzed but is taken for granted as true and valid for having been issued by a person or institution with a supposed recognition on the subject.

Example: A little boy says that his friends should not go swimming in a river because his Mama said there were germs in the river.

References:

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2018). Syllogism. =October 1st 2018, de Encyclopedia Britannica Sitio web: https://www.britannica.com/topic/syllogism

anonimus. (2018). Syllogism. October 1st 2018, de Philosophy Terms Sitio web: http://philosophyterms.com/syllogism/

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. (2016). What are Inductive and deductive Arguments. October 1st 2018, de Cliffs Notes Sitio web: https://www.cliffsnotes.com/cliffsnotes/subjects/literature/what-are-inductive-and-deductive-arguments

Your Dictionary. (2018). Examples of Inductive Reasoning. October 1st 2018, de Your Dictionary Sitio web: http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-inductive-reasoning.html

Dictionary.com. (2018). Fallacy. October 1st 2018, de Dictionary Sitio web: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/fallacy

Wikiversity. (2018). Deductive logic and inference rules. october 1st 2018, de Wikiversity Sitio web: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Deductive_Logic/Inference_Rules

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy and its Authors. (2016). Validity and Soundness. October 1st 2018, de Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Sitio web: https://www.iep.utm.edu/val-snd/

Bradley Dowden. (2016). Fallacies. October 1st 2018, de Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Sitio web: https://www.iep.utm.edu/fallacy/