What is The PRIDE Study Studying?
Community-Friendly Summaries of The PRIDE Study Ancillary Studies
Researchers use data from The PRIDE Study to produce science that helps improve our communities’ health. Researchers interested in using the data apply to The PRIDE Study’s Ancillary Studies (AS) program. All applicants are required by our Participant Advisory Committee (PAC) to provide a community-friendly summary of their proposed research. We disseminate these summaries to communicate to our participants and constituents and to be fully transparent.
We’re thrilled to share below descriptions of the 22 studies currently in process in the “AS pipeline”. They are organized in chronological order of submission. Let us know if you have questions or comments!
*UCSF stands for the University of California, San Francisco
Ancillary Study Community-Friendly Summaries
- Jason Nagata (UCSF)*
Study Question: Disordered eating and muscle dysmorphia in sexual and gender minorities
Status: Survey closed, data analysis and manuscripts in progress (primary data collection)
Community-friendly summary:
The goal of this study is to better understand disordered eating behaviors and body image concerns in sexual and gender minorities. We will ask The PRIDE Study participants standardized questions that have been developed to detect eating disorders and body image concerns. We are particularly interested in examining muscle dysmorphia, an obsessive preoccupation that one’s body is too small or insufficiently muscular, and use of androgenic anabolic steroids particularly among gay and transgender males. Another goal of the study is to understand how common eating disorder symptoms are in sexual and gender minorities.
2. Ellora Vilkin & Annesa Flentje (UCSF)
Study Question: Rates of Employment and Employment-Related Discrimination Among Sexual and Gender Minority People
Status: Data transferred, analysis complete, poster presentation given, manuscript in progress (secondary data analysis)
Community-friendly summary:
This study looks at the rates of employment amongst LGBTQ individuals, and how many of those individuals report being treated unfairly while applying for jobs or in the workplace. When people reported being treated unfairly, we also asked whether, to the best of their knowledge, the poor treatment was due to their sexual orientation (the gender of people they are attracted to), gender identity (the gender they identify as), gender expression (how they outwardly express their gender), and/or race/ethnicity. Because discrimination in hiring and poor treatment in the workplace limit peoples’ ability to get and keep stable employment, we want to understand how frequently this occurs in the LGBTQ community. We also want to find out how employment-related discrimination may differ across people of different sexual orientations and gender identities/expressions, as well as the particular experiences of LGBTQ people of color, who may face discrimination on the bases of racial/ethnic identity in addition to their LGBTQ identity. Fair and equitable treatment in employment is important for overall health. Employment provides greater access to healthcare through employers and provides greater financial stability. While national advocacy groups like Out & Equal, the National LGBT Taskforce, and the Human Rights Campaign continue to advocate for fair treatment and full inclusion for queer, transgender, and gender non-conforming individuals in the workplace, we still do not know very much about rates of employment and discrimination in hiring and the workplace amongst diverse LGBTQ people. This study aims to in-crease public understanding of LGBTQ peoples’ rates of employment, experiences of discrimination while applying to jobs and in the workplace, and to find out how these employment experiences differ across sexual orientations, gender identities, races, and ethnicities. The results of this study may high-light which groups within the LGBTQ community may benefit from services to increase access to fair and inclusive employment, as well as spotlight needs for stronger advocacy and policy efforts to pro-mote more diverse and inclusive workplaces.
3. Branden Barger (UCSF)
Study Question: Differences in Alcohol and Other Drug Use Among Sexual and Gender Minority Participants of The Population Research in Identity, Equity, and Disparities (PRIDE) Study.
Status: Oral presentation given, manuscript accepted for publication (secondary data analysis)
Community-Friendly Summary:
Alcohol and other drug use can have a dramatic influence over peoples’ personal and professional lives. Prolonged drug and alcohol use can harm health such as putting people at greater risk of certain types of cancer and heart and liver problems. According to current research, some members of the LGBTQ community are more likely to use substances compared to the general public and report greater concerns with substance use problems at least some point in their lifetime. Increased exposure to trauma and discrimination, as well as challenges like coming out and dealing with non-supportive families, contribute to environments where our community faces increased loneliness and isolation, among other mental health concerns. It has been suggested that these factors lead to negative relationships with substances use. However, no one has looked closely at the substance use experiences of either the trans community or sexual orientations beyond “lesbian”, “gay”, or “bisexual”. In order to continue looking at how substance use impacts our community, our study plans to investigate substance use across diverse sexual orientations and gender identities including transgender, and genderqueer identity groups. Our results will help highlight specific areas of community need for substance use treatment and support, as well as begin a deeper conversation about how different identity-based stressors and the hardships we face affect the members of our community differently.
4. Erin Vogel (Stanford)
Study Question: Social Media Use in the Sexual and Gender Minority Community: Healthy or Harmful?
Status: Study approved, data transfer in progress (secondary data analysis)
Community-friendly summary:
Using social media sites, like Facebook or Instagram, can be healthy or unhealthy. Social media use is healthy when it helps people feel supported by others and connected to others. This might be especially important to sexual and gender minority (SGM) social media users, because social media gives us a safe space to connect with other SGM people. On the other hand, some research shows that frequent social media use is not healthy. When people use social media, they sometimes compare themselves to other people and then feel bad about themselves. People may also see pictures and posts about other people doing things that might hurt their health, such as smoking or heavy drinking. These pictures and posts make unhealthy behaviors seem normal and acceptable, which can encourage other people to behave the same way. In this study, we want to know when social media use is healthy for the SGM community and when it is harmful. Results may be used to help healthcare providers make recommendations to SGM clients. We also hope to start a conversation in our community about how to use social media in a healthy way.
5. Sarah Arron (UCSF)
Study Question: SUN-PRIDE: Skin and Ultraviolet-associated Neoplasia- Population Research in Identity and Disparities for Equality
Status: Data collection completed; Data Use Agreements and data transfer in progress (primary data collection)
Community-Friendly Summary:
Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States, with approximately 5 million Americans treated each year. Skin cancer is caused by ultraviolet light, and is strongly associated with preventable risks such as outdoor sun exposure and indoor tanning beds. Our research group has previously shown that gay men are six times more likely to use tanning beds than straight men, and twice as likely to have skin cancer. Our goal is to describe the use of indoor tanning in sexual minority men in The PRIDE Study, and to learn whether indoor tanning is associated with increased skin cancer risk. We will study how skin cancer affects quality of life in sexual minority men, and what motivates men to use indoor tanning beds. This study will help us to design public health efforts to reduce indoor tanning in sexual minority men, with the long-term goal of reducing skin cancer.
6. Jason Flatt (UCSF)
Study Question: Understanding the physical and mental health of aging LGBTQ adults
Status: Data Use Agreement and data transferred, data analysis in process (primary data collection)
Community-Friendly Summary:
More than 2 million LGBTQ adults over 50 live in the United States. This number will double by 2030. Not a lot is known about their health or health care needs. This study will describe the health problems of LGBTQ adults age 50+. We will work with The PRIDE Study team to collect data using an online survey. We will compare the health of LGBTQ adults age 50+ to another group of heterosexuals. This will help us to find health problems that need more attention. We will also try to find ways to improve these health problems. We will do this by asking about experiences and habits that are good and bad for health. This study hopes to find new ways to improve the health and health care of LGBTQ older adults.
7. Lori Strachowski (UCSF)
Study Question: Breast Health Practices in Transgender Individuals
Status: Ancillary Study approved, survey finalization and launch pending (primary data collection)
Community-friendly summary:
This survey includes questions about the breast/chest health of gender minority individuals. This includes people whose sex assigned at birth does not match their current gender identity. This study is exploring lifestyle choices that may be associated with being at higher risk for breast cancer, beliefs about risk for breast cancer, what healthcare providers share with patients about their risk, what patients do to take care of their breast/chest health, what they may be doing to look for breast cancer, and about their overall experience of taking care of their breast/chest health. The results of this study will guide us in making recommendations about breast cancer testing including who should get tested and how often tests should be performed. It will also help us learn about what gender minority patients know, what they are doing, their experience in seeking breast/chest healthcare, and their suggestions for providers. This will help us improve the way we can take care of the breast/chest health of gender minority individuals.
8. Nicole Rosendale (UCSF)
Study Question: The association between trauma and migraine in the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community. This survey asks about headache-related disability and prior traumatic experiences.
Status: Data transferred, data analysis in progress (primary data collection)
Community-friendly Summary:
Migraine headache is a common and often disabling condition, affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Although prior studies have suggested that a history of trauma is associated with higher prevalence and severity of migraine, these studies have not included the LGBTQ community. This study seeks to understand how common and how severe migraine headache is in LGBTQ-identified individuals as well as to examine if there is an association between migraine-related disability and a history of trauma within the LGBTQ community.
9. Briana McGeough (UC Berkeley)& Annesa Flentje (UCSF)
Study Question: Understanding the Co-Occurrence of Alcohol Use and Depression Symptoms among Sexual Minority Cisgender Women
Status: Oral presentation given and data transferred (primary data collection)
Community-Friendly Summary:
Lesbian, bisexual, and queer women drink more alcohol and experience more depression than heterosexual women. It is important that we better understand why lesbian, bisexual, and queer women drink more alcohol and experience more depression, so we can better help women who are struggling with drinking and depression. This study tries to help us better understand how lesbian, bisexual and queer women cope with discrimination, which coping strategies make their drinking and depression better, and which strategies make their drinking and depression worse. We think that drinking to cope with discrimination makes depression worse. We also think that trying to avoid our feelings about experiences of discrimination makes drinking and depression worse, whereas talking to friends about discrimination makes drinking and depression better. In this study, we will test these ideas. We will use what we find to come up with suggestions for ways for lesbian, bisexual, and queer women to cope with discrimination that make their drinking and depression better rather than worse.
10. Annesa Flentje (UCSF)
Study Question: Binge drinking guidelines for gender minority people
Status: Data transferred and manuscript in progress (secondary data analysis)
Community-Friendly Summary:
Health professionals, like doctors and nurses, are currently taught to ask their patients about how much alcohol they drink. One of the ways that they do this is by asking women if they drink 4 or more alcoholic drinks in one sitting and asking men if they drink 5 or more drinks in one sitting. Unfortunately we don’t know how health professionals should ask transgender or gender non-binary people about their drinking. This study will identify how to ask transgender and gender non-binary people about their drinking. We are going to study which way of asking about alcohol use is best for letting us know if transgender or gender non-binary people are likely to experience bad things that can occur after drinking (like blackouts or injuries). We will compare the following ways of asking about alcohol use: 1) using current questions about 4 or 5 drinks in one sitting, asking about how many alcoholic drinks people typically drink, or asking how frequently they drink.
11. Annesa Flentje (UCSF)
Study Question: The relationship between minority stress and physical health among SGM people
Status: Data transferred and manuscript in progress (secondary data analysis)
Community-Friendly Summary:
This study will look at how the experiences of stigma and discrimination faced by the LGBTQ community may be related to our physical health. We will look at how different forms of stress among the LGBTQ community including: how safe and accepting our communities are, violence, and mistreatment are related to our physical health including our physical health overall and also specific medical conditions such as cancer, diabetes, and high blood pressure. We will then figure out which of these stressors are most strongly related to the physical health of LGBTQ people. This study will help us to understand which stressors for LGBTQ people might be most important to think about and reduce to try to improve the health of our communities.
12. Annesa Flentje (UCSF)
Study Question: Trauma and victimization among sexual and gender minority people
Status: Data transferred and manuscript in progress (secondary data analysis)
Community-Friendly Summary:
LGBTQ people often face discrimination and violence in their communities. This study will identify which LGBTQ communities are most at risk for discrimination and violence (for example, older adults, people with lower income, gender non-binary people) and how community policies such as non-discrimination laws are related to discrimination and violence. This study will also try to find out if how we think our sexual orientation and gender is perceived by others is related to more experiences of discrimination or violence (for example if someone who thinks other people cannot tell what their gender is has more experiences of discrimination than someone who thinks they are perceived by others as a cisgender man). The results of this study can be helpful to identify specific advocacy steps, for example, advocacy for policies that specifically protect groups that are most at risk.
13. Heidi Moseson (Ibis Reproductive Health)
Study Question: Understanding the abortion and contraception care needs and experiences of Transgender and Gender Expansive (TGE) individuals and cisgender sexual minority women
Status: Study approved, survey implemented, data analysis and participant incentive drawing in progress (primary data collection)
Community-Friendly Summary:
Research suggests that accessing high-quality birth control and abortion services is difficult for people in the LGBTQ+ community in the United States. As a result, some people may be at higher risk of getting pregnant when they do not want to be pregnant, and/or in having a baby when they do not feel ready to parent. Unplanned pregnancy and unplanned parenthood are each related to a number of negative physical, emotional and financial outcomes. We plan to survey several hundred transgender and gender expansive (TGE) people and sexual minority women (e.g., lesbian and bisexual) who were assigned female or intersex at birth to (1) ask if people think they are at risk of getting pregnant when they are not trying to get pregnant; (2) identify things about people’s lives that make getting birth control and abortion care easier or harder; and (3) describe characteristics of sexual and reproductive health care that make people of all genders and sexual orientations feel welcome, respected, and cared for. Results will allow health care providers, policymakers, and researchers to focus their efforts on making birth control and abortion services higher quality and easier to access for people of all genders and sexual orientations. We also hope that this study will give members of gender and sexual minority populations an empowering opportunity to shape the language and approach that researchers and clinicians use moving forward on these issues, and to be a part of improving sexual and reproductive healthcare for all people in the United States.
14. Mitchell Lunn (UCSF)
Study Question: Improving SOGI Measurement
Status: Study approved by PAC and data transferred (secondary data analysis)
Community-Friendly Summary:
Identities and the labels used to describe them (e.g., lesbian, genderqueer, pansexual) have evolved over decades. Current questions that ask about sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) may not accurately or adequately assess newer or less commonly used identities and/or labels used by sexual and gender minority people. In our iPhone app (June 2015-May 2017) and Web Portal (May 2017-present), The PRIDE Study invited participants who did not see their sexual orientation and/or gender identity label listed to provide a write-in response. In this Ancillary Study, we will analyze the provided write-in sexual orientations and gender identities to determine how many PRIDE Study participants chose to write-in a response and their sociodemographics (e.g., race, ethnicity, location, education, income) and to develop recommendations for new answer choice selections for SOGI questions including on federal health studies. By assessing these newer identities and labels, researchers will be able to study the diversity of sexual and gender minority communities and to identify health and heath care disparities that affect them.
15. Juno Obedin-Maliver (Stanford)
Study Question: Exploring prevalence of intersex-identifying individuals within The PRIDE Study patient cohort
Status: Study approved by RAC; being prepared for PAC review (secondary data analysis)
Community-friendly summary:
Our team is exploring information about intersex-identifying participants within The PRIDE study. Our goal is to better understand what participants mean when they say they identify as intersex, and see how that connects to other experiences and realities of what people’s lives are like: what body parts they have (anatomy), what medical treatments they have had, and other parts of people’s experiences and identities (like someone’s race or ethnicity and whether they are parents). Ultimately, after we complete a look a what people’s survey information tells us, we hope to bring that information to individuals with intersex variations to gain feedback on our findings and guide development of the questions posed to intersex-identifying individuals. It is our hope also to learn more about how people who identify as a sexual and/or gender minority and intersex experience the world and ultimately to design ways to partner with intersex-identifying participants to be able to bridge additional participation within The PRIDE study.
16. Annesa Flentje (UCSF) & Winslow Edwards (Simon Fraser University)
Study Question: Our Strength, Our Pride: SGM Resilience Factors Highlighted in the PRIDE Study and Implications for Community Well-Being
Status: Data transferred, manuscript in progress (secondary data analysis)
Community-friendly summary:
Though many studies of LGBTQ health focus on the struggles of community members and “risk” behaviors, we know that LGBTQ people show strength in the face of stigma every day. We want to give voice to this strength in our community. This study will be strengths-based and will look at the ways LGBTQ people and communities thrive in spite of the hardships we experience (this is known as resilience). We will look at three questions asked in the 2018 Annual Questionnaire about what brings joy to community members and what community members are most proud of when it comes to their minority gender identity and/or sexual orientation. We will analyze these responses to find out about what things LGBTQ people do to build resilience. We will use this information to build a model of LGBTQ resilience that can be used to plan programs and services aimed at building up community wellbeing. We will also report some basic information about who (race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, etc.) answered these survey questions so that it is clear whose voices contributed to this model. It is important that this study involves community voices, so we will consult with community members and members of the Participant Advisory Committee to get feedback on the model.
17. Annesa Flentje & Ethan Cicero (UCSF)
Study Question: Acceptability of biomarker collection among sexual and gender minority adults
Status: Data transferred, manuscript in progress (secondary data analysis)
Community-friendly summary:
LGBTQ-identified people are not often involved in or identified in research studies about people’s health. This is particularly true in studies that use and collect body tissues (also called “biospecimens”) like saliva, urine, hair, blood, or genetic information collected from cells in one’s cheek to understand and improve health. By studying biospecimens, researchers can understand how negative social experiences such as discrimination, unfair treatment, and hate crimes impact the health of LGBTQ communities. For example, other research studies measuring the health impact of racial discrimination and prejudice have found more chronic health conditions such as heart disease, asthma, and diabetes within communities of color. We are doing this study because we want to find out if LGBTQ-identified people are willing to participate in studies that request participants to provide saliva, urine, hair, blood, or a cheek swab. We also want to learn what ideas or concerns LGBTQ people have about having their biospecimens used for research. By understanding this we can partner with LGBTQ communities to incorporate ideas and address concerns about biospecimen use in research studies, and we can help design LGBTQ-affirming research studies to understand how harmful social conditions impact the health of LGBTQ people. With this knowledge, researchers can improve the delivery of LGBTQ-affirming healthcare, prevent chronic health conditions, and improve the health and quality of life of all LGBTQ-identified people.
18. Matthew Capriotti (San Jose State University)
Study Question: Rates and Correlates of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders in Large, Nationwide Sample of Sexual and Gender Minority Adults
Status: Data Use Agreement and data transfer in progress (secondary data analysis)
Community-friendly summary:
People sometimes have problems with certain repetitive behaviors that are beyond their control. Healthcare providers refer to some of these problems as “Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders”, or “OCRDs”. The most commonly known OCRD is obsessive-compulsive disorder (where people do rituals or other specific behaviors in response to scary or uncomfortable thoughts that come to them). Others that are also common but maybe less well known are trichotillomania and excoriation disorder (where individuals repeatedly pull out their hair or pick at their skin), and tic disorders (where people have various rapid movements or sounds that they cannot control).
OCRDs cause many challenges for people who experience them, but no scientific study has ever looked at OCRDs among LGBTQ+ people. Because we know that depression and anxiety can be more common among LGBTQ+ and that depression and anxiety often go along with ORCDs, we want to perform a study that will help us answer some important questions about ORCDs in LGBTQ+ people.” For example: How common are OCRDs among LGBTQ+ people? Within the LGBTQ+ communities, are particular groups more or less likely to have OCRDs? How do OCRDs impact LGBTQ+ people’s overall health? Are people who experience more LGBTQ+-related stress (for example, from discrimination, prejudice, or harassment) more likely to have an OCRD?
This study will provide the first answers to the above questions about OCRDs among LGBTQ people, using data that participants already provided in The PRIDE Study’s 2018 Annual Questionnaire. This study will benefit SGM communities by (a) increasing awareness of these conditions among SGM individuals among healthcare providers and (b) providing a first-step toward SGM-affirmative approaches of screening for, assessing, and treating OCRDs.
If you are interested in learning more about OCRDs, or in resources for people with OCRDs, we recommend the following: the Trichotillomania Learning Center (bfrb.org), the International OCD Foundation (iocdf.org), and the Tourette Association of America (tourette.org).
19. Matthew Capriotti (San Jose State University)
Study Question: Coping as a Buffer Against the Negative Effects of Minority Stress
Status: Data Use Agreement and data transfer in progress (secondary data analysis)
Community-friendly summary:
LGBTQ people often experience stress that stems from discrimination, harassment, and rejection related to their LGBTQ identity. For many in our community, experiencing this kind of stress repeatedly, over a long period of time can lead to mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, or suicidal thoughts. When faced with anti-LGBTQ stress, individuals often do things to stay resilient in the face of these challenges, such as applying a certain mindset or getting support from friends or others in their life. Sometimes LGBTQ people might also work with psychotherapists to develop new strategies such as these for coping with minority stress. Although so many members of our community actively use and seek out strategies for dealing with anti-LGBTQ stress, research still has not shown clearly which strategies are most helpful. This study compares how well three different coping strategies protect against the negative effects of anti-LGBTQ stress on mental health. The three coping strategies we will examine are: (a) cognitive reappraisal, which involves changing how one thinks about or mentally frames an event, (b) psychological flexibility, which involves a person non-judgmentally noticing their reactions to an event and then choosing a response based on their personal values, and © cognitive suppression, which involves a person actively doing things to “get their mind” off of an event. We will compare these strategies using data that participants already provided in The PRIDE Study’s 2017 and 2018 Annual Questionnaire.
20. Juno Obedin-Maliver (Stanford)
Study Question: Understanding risk factors and prevalence of sexual dysfunction among transgender and gender expansive (TGE) people in The PRIDE Study.
Status: Study approved as Ancillary Study, variable request underway (secondary data analysis)
Community-friendly summary:
Problems with sex, including sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, and experiencing pain during sex, can be quite common. Studies show that non-transgender women experience pain with sex also have problems with sex in other ways such as decreased interest in sex, decreased frequency of sex, social isolation, and decreased quality of life [3]. This has been described as a common issue for cisgender folks with large impact in terms of medical care needs and how it impacts other areas of life. The impact can be so big that some people have estimated that painful sex results in a financial burden of $31 to $72 billion in the United States [4]. While transgender and expansive people (TGE) may suffer from pain with sex, no prior studies have looked at this major medical problem among these populations. Existing studies largely focus on the science behind how testosterone impacts vaginal tissue quality in transgender men, rather than investigating other risk factors for pain with sex, and how pain with sex impacts the lives of transgender men. Additionally, there is almost no data about sexual dysfunction among transgender women or gender expansive people of any sex assigned at birth. This study will describe how common painful sex is for TGE people and think about differences by looking at difference groups based on their gender identity. We will explore how gender affirming procedures, including medications and surgeries, make painful sex more or less likely among TGE people. Ultimately, we hope to describe how painful intercourse impacts the sex lives, and overall quality of life, of TGE people.
21. Anthony Pho (Columbia University)
Study Question: Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Individuals (Part A)
Status: Data Use Agreement and data transfer in progress (secondary data analysis)
Community-friendly summary:
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in adults in the U.S. HPV infection can cause warts but also sometimes result in cancer. HPV is associated with the majority of cervical, vaginal, anal cancers as well as cancers in the mouth and throat. Oral sex, vaginal sex and anal sex are thought to increase risk for HPV infection. Fortunately, a vaccine (a shot) is available to prevent HPV infection. Adults require 3 doses for the vaccine to be effective but not everyone receives the vaccine and the those who do receive it do not always get all of the recommended doses. Sexual minorities including gay men, lesbian women and bisexual men and women have been shown to receive the HPV vaccine less frequently than heterosexual men and women. Less is known about transgender and gender nonconforming individuals whose gender identity does not match their sex assigned at birth. This group may receive the vaccine less often than other groups. This is a study to describe HPV vaccination in transgender and gender nonconforming individuals. The study uses answers to survey questions that were already collected in a national study of sexual and gender minorities called The PRIDE Study.
22. Anthony Pho (Columbia University)
Study Question: Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Individuals (Part B)
Status: Ancillary Study Approved, survey finalization and launch pending (primary data collection)
Community-friendly summary:
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in adults in the U.S. HPV infection can sometimes result in cancer. Two strains of HPV are associated with the majority of cervical, vaginal, anal cancers as well as cancers in the mouth and throat. Oral sex, vaginal sex and anal sex are thought to increase risk for HPV infection. Fortunately, a vaccine (a shot) is available to prevent HPV infection including the strains that can cause cancer. Adults require 3-doses for the vaccine to be effective but not everyone receives the vaccine and the those who do receive it do not always get all of the recommended doses. Gay men, lesbian women and bisexual men and women have been shown to receive the HPV vaccine less frequently than heterosexual individuals. Transgender and gender nonconforming individuals whose gender identity does not match their sex assigned at birth have also been observed to receive the vaccine less in previous research. This is a study to describe HPV vaccination in transgender and gender nonconforming individuals. The study uses answers to survey questions that were already collected in a national study of sexual and gender minorities called The PRIDE Study.
