All We Know about Physics of Time in 4 Pages
Since Einstein and since the first GPS system failure, we know that time speed is not constant, as our senses tell us, and as Newton thought. Here I give an overall perspective on this subject plus some new insights. I refer to chapters in my free eBook (also available on Google and Amazon), where you can get more details, but it is not required for understanding this article.
In chapter 58, we demonstrated how Newton’s 1st (inertia) law “object remains in motion at constant speed unless acted on by a force” is violated when crossing timezones:
That was for an object moving by inertia, before any force was accounted for. Actually, velocity change is more dramatic, if we consider the force acting on this object, coming from the time flow difference. In chapter 18, we discussed that time is quantum fluctuations (similar to temperature as Brownian motion), and more-often quantum fluctuations (aka faster time) push an object towards a slower time direction, where less quantum fluctuations push back. Thus, gravity (or even nuclear strong force) is a push from faster time. You might think of gravity as “time dilation pulling”, and, mathematically, it is similar, but really it is a push from the other side, where time is faster, with a tiny time difference applied to each and every atom, integrated all over the body. Let’s visualize such force from two-time-faster quantum fluctuations on one side, applied to an atom crossing timezone border at any angle, to see that force is perpendicular to timezone border:
On the left side, where time is twice faster, there are twice more quantum fluctuations than on the right side. In total, there is no vertical force, because push from quantum fluctuations 1 is balanced with push from fluctuations 3, and push from fluctuations 11 is balanced with push from fluctuations 33. Horizontal force comes from push 22 overpowering push 2. Thus, velocity of an object more than doubles when crossing from twice-faster-time side to slower-time side. It is because velocity doubles just by inertia and time difference: from ΔS/Δt to ΔS/(Δt/2) = 2×ΔS/Δt, and on top of that, we have push from more frequent quantum fluctuations.
On many occasions, we discussed that motion speed limit, which is the speed of light constant c = 299,792,458 m/sec, is about speed of time actually. All variability is hidden in sec (second) — time unit variability, time dilation: Local to an area second is defined as a time span, during which a light ray travels a distance of 299,792,458 meters in this area. In chapter 11, we saw what happens when c-speed-limit is violated, which happens when an object already moving at a speed close to c enters slower time:
If speed is already close to c in the white area above, then, multiplied by time dilation factor D, it exceeds c-speed in red area. And besides that, there is vertical pressure/boost from the faster time above, both keeping the object from bouncing back and accelerating it. The only way to resolve c-speed-violation, as was explained in chapter 11, is by burning time on its way (in the pink area) into matter, antimatter, and light. In the same chapter, we explained 1950s antiproton-experiment and our galaxy halo around its bulge by the time-burning effect.
In chapter 2 we discussed how faster time in the arms of spiral galaxies keep stars from flying away despite stars’ high peripheral velocity 100–300 km/sec (when it should to be close to zero according to Newton’s mechanics). Faster time/quantum fluctuations in galactic arms reduce a star speed when it enters an arm, that is why such star moves towards the galactic center by the green-arrow-1 below. And quantum fluctuations push/boost the star on its exit from an arm by the green-arrow-2 below, but now that star starts ascending from a lower orbit than it had when entering the arm. Yellow circular orbit of the Sun, provided by Wikipedia, is wrong. The Sun and any star dive down closer to galactic center when entering an arm, and rise later again when exiting an arm, to be caught later by the next arm — such mechanics keeps stars in the galaxy. Arms literally hold galaxy together:
By reusing Einstein’s result from Special Relativity, we estimated peripheral velocities of stars in spiral galaxies as V = Z×c, where Z is redshift between outside and inside the arms. (Exact formula is V=(2Z+Z²)/(2+2Z+Z²)×c; V=Z×c is a good approximation for small Z-values). By translating Z into D = Z+1, which is time dilation outside the arms relative to inside the arms (or how much time in arms is faster than time outside the arms) we have: V = (D-1)×c. Vera Rubin’s measurements for the peripheral velocity V in the range of 100–300 km/sec correspond to D range of 1.00033–1.001. That is more than time dilation near our Sun (which is about 1.000002). Meaning, the “gravitational effect” of spiral arms is more significant than Solar gravity.
And last but not least, time dilation explains strong nuclear force, where time dilation is in big numbers. Chapter 27 explains extraordinary power of time dilation inside an atom: slowing atomic clock down by D=10 increases element lifetime 100,000 times. And with D=100 element lifetime goes up 10 billion times.
P.S. Needless to say, there are (true) optical effects caused by time dilation, which are confused with (false) mechanical events:
- Hubble redshift is confused with Doppler effect of (false) space expansion
- Snell’s refraction is confused with (false) space bending
P.P.S. Continued in Time Energy Potential = 0.5 c²/D².
