INFO 2670: Group Project Report
Six Information Designers Tackling One Big Problem: Media Bias
News aggregator site designed to fight against filter bubbles and inherited media bias causing social and political polarization.
By: Shelby Campbell, Janelle Cobb, Kaisey Deloso Natalie Garner, Corrie Godoy-Contois, Reudette Reyes
Executive Summary
In a world that revolves around digital media and technology, media bias manifests itself in a variety of ways through social media and the internet. According to Hoffman & Wallach (2007), the demographics of newspaper readership influences how the media report the news, which however leads to a stronger, more powerful force driving media outlets to skew the news (p. 618). With the overwhelming amount of news and information, the credibility of the right information from several sources and media outlets is an important factor in knowing which information is correct or not. In a recent study by Allen et al. (2021), there is an interest in understanding what needs to be done to reduce the spread of online misinformation (para 1). Allen et al. (2021) continue that one of the most prominent approaches to combat misinformation, which technology companies such as Facebook and Twitter are currently using, is the use of professional fact-checkers, in order to identify and label false or misleading claims (para 1). A recent study shows that the majority of the English-speaking population in Canada relies on online news websites such as CBC News, CTV News, CNN.com, Global News, and more (Watson, 2021).
As many individuals rely on the use of social media and internet and the internet, our team proposed a news aggregator website called [re]framed, which aims to bring in articles from all sides of the political spectrum to ensure users are accessing the least biased news platform. [re]framed participates in taking the challenges to combat media bias and fake news, by providing a well-organized and structured news media outlet with a variety of sources, ensuring that consumers get all the information they need. As a team, we value about presenting value presenting a diverse range of perspectives and articles to our readers so that they can create their own opinions on topics of interest.
You find the information on the topic you need. We provide you with a fresher perspective. -The [re]framed Team
Introduction: The Business Problem
In a world that revolves around technology and digital media, media bias plays in a lot of ways, from a variety of media outlets including social media. Groeling (2013) defined media bias as the “mental processes or attitudes of individuals, viewing it as synonymous with “prejudice” or, in the case of news media, ‘the influence of journalists’ belief systems on the texts they produce” (para 6). Biases in media have been seen as a large-scale problem existing in a lot of media forms, relevant to talks about the social, economic, and political climate. Within the last few years, divisive issues have been coming at us from all sides and different perspectives, including but not limited to: Trump’s presidency, the BLM movement, the COVID-19 pandemic with protests and disputes surrounding mandates and closures, climate change, and recently, Russia’s attack on Ukraine. With the overwhelming amount of media that we consume every day, journalism is being tainted with biases that often times oftentimes contain disinformation and hoaxes, popularly referred to as “fake news” —in which the credibility lacking media sources, political propaganda, never-ending echo chambers of misinformation both online and offline. As individuals who consume media daily, it is getting harder to trust media but at the same time, easier to give in or listen to one or two sources. People’s participation and social media play a huge role in manipulating the credibility of information from such news sources, through thoughts, opinions, and different views and perspectives.
“How might we try to overcome the issue of media bias and limited exposure within the lives of individuals?”
A root problem that feeds this not only lies within the complexity of the issues themselves, but of the biases intertwined within every single thing individuals hear or read about them. Whether it’s CNN, Fox News, The New York Times, or your local newspaper, there are targeted and skewed perspectives behind every story and statistic relayed (Low & Melatos, 2022). While this problem can never be fully escaped, individuals can be mindful by checking credible sources to expand their media reach and actively seeking out perspectives that don’t necessarily match their own in order to get a well-rounded understanding of issues(West, 2017). Besides willingness, a context-relevant barrier to this is how overwhelming the variety and frequency of media can be, and how impossible the constant labour of fact-checking can seem (Allen et al., 2021).
Initial Ideas
As a team, we came up with a couple of ways or options that could potentially solve our identified problem: making media interactions less overwhelming, creating a safe space for perspectives and inclusive learning, a technological platform that is neutral and actively seeking to disarm the effect of media biases, and a technological tool that is user-friendly and accessible to avoid users reverting to limited exposure habits. These solutions include:
Mailing List Subscription (E-Mail)
Our first option was to create a landing page that includes a mailing list, which would be collected through email. Users have the option to receive a pack of a variety of news sources from different social, political, and geographical spectrums. Each user can choose to receive a daily, weekly, or monthly subscription, providing an opportunity to promote our solution.
*List of e-mail marketing tools that would have been considered for this solution: https://themeisle.com/blog/cheapest-email-marketing-software/
Benefits
- Several affordable email marketing tools available on the internet
- Low-cost; good for starting businesses
- Directly communicates with the desired audience
- Gain product awareness and revenue while building a subscriber base
- Faster word-of-mouth; can reach target audience easily
Weaknesses
- Emails might land in spam boxes
- Might get expensive plans
- More emails might have the possibility to lose subscribers
Product Package Subscription
This subscription would create a curated monthly box of varied magazines, newspapers, and reports, similar to the email subscription. Technology leverage would include a website, landing page, and/or app which could be used to support ordering and communication with customers.
Benefits
- Subscriber-based business models offer the benefit of predicting your revenue stream accurately and reliably
- More opportunities for better relationships with your subscribers, enabling regular engagement across several channels
- Creating a strong relationship with your users can easily promote upsell and cross-sell opportunities, like promoting awareness of our proposed solution
Weaknesses
- Subscribers might be afraid of signing up for trial subscriptions
- Subscription services must focus on maintaining the value because losing subscribers is arguably the biggest challenge for mailing subscription services
Twitter Bot
An alternative option could have been used as a social media engagement tool to consistently repost news stories on similar topics from numerous news sources (ex. Retweeting CNN, Fox, MSNBC, BBC, or articles on the same topic).
Benefits
- Reaches out to a wider range of audiences to promote awareness of our solution
- Constantly updated feed with the latest news
Weaknesses
- Frequent posting may be marked as spam by Twitter
- Algorithms of the sources can be wrong if they automatically generated by an AI bot
Website
Another proposed solution would be creating a news aggregator website that would separate news article sources based on their topics, such as COVID-19, Russia/Ukraine War, and the Olympics, or by genres, such as Politics, Education, Entertainment, and Sports. The filtering of news sources would intentionally not be an option, and instead, users would be ably exposed to sources randomly based on topics alone in order to fight against filter bubbles or limited exposure to individually preferred sources.
Another aspect would be the creation of an inclusive learning community within this platform. Features we intend to explore are the design of debate space, monthly events, community authorship forums, and reward opportunities (point system for media exposure of users, such as the number of articles read on the same topic, contribution to the debate space, etc.). We felt it would be beneficial to use WordPress over other website building sites such as Wix, due to its wide variety of plugins, themes and other resources that could be utilized for [re]framed. Additional use of engagement tools we may incorporate include an integrated chatbot to assist our community and in-app messaging and interaction features (e.g. like or dislike button) to encourage engagement within the user community.
Benefits
- An opportunity to create a safe space for users who are looking to battle the influence of media bias through escaping their own filter bubbles
- Encourages social engagement and the expression of varied perspectives on divisive issues (ex. through the debate space)
Weaknesses
- WordPress requires a Business Plan subscription to enable additional features and plugins for the website
Research & Recommendations
After gaining information from our demographic through interviews and a survey, we received several useful insights about our concept. Two-thirds of our respondents are in post-secondary school, which is the main group our website would target. The other third of people that responded to the survey were mostly full-time workers, and could also be a group to aim for.
In terms of features for our website, we discovered from our interviews that credibility is the most important factor to viewers who would like to see both sides of a news article story. Along with that, adding source citations to confirm the story’s reliability and removing any evidence of media bias. Another recommendation pertaining to news content is having a certain category or time of day to post good news that has happened, rather than consistently grim articles about our world. On top of that, several of our survey respondents mentioned how challenging it is to find good news when searching on the internet. Our website would be sure to seek out and incorporate happy news articles, along with the current news to maintain a positive environment on the site.
According to our research, 83% of our survey respondents revealed they receive their news sources on social media platforms like Facebook or Twitter. Incidentally, the information delivered on social media was ranked as the most untrustworthy source by the respondents. On the other hand, 64% get their news from articles either on the internet or in newsletters, which they considered neither trustworthy nor untrustworthy. It would be ideal for our website to draw audiences away from consuming their news through social media platforms, and rather our website where they can read about any topic of news while feeling reassured that the information is credible.
Coming out of the pandemic, people’s perception of the media changed immensely due to rises in fake news allegations, along with the easy access for anyone to share information online, even if it is not accurate. Our interviewee’s trust in the media has weakened since COVID-19 and are more skeptical when consuming details about current events and news because it became evident how information and data can be misconstrued, but still released to the public. Similarly, half of our survey respondents feel that their lack of trust in the media has only improved since the pandemic.
Lastly, 75% of our respondents feel that media bias is a large problem, showing that our demographic consider it an important issue today and would benefit from a website such as ours.
Our Solution & Business Case
Looking at the problem of “how might we try to overcome the issue of media bias and limited exposure within the lives of individuals,” we have developed the solution of a news aggregator website. The site is called [re]framed, and it is a desktop application designed with the mission of providing news articles from various media sources that cover each end of the social and political spectrum. The hope is that through escaping personal filter bubbles and expanding media exposure across diverse sources, our audience will be able to form their own opinion with no leading biases.
[re]framed is a news aggregator website supported by community donations and affluent funders, that takes on the challenges surrounding media bias. It does this by providing an organized and structured news media outlet with various sources to make sure users receive all the information they desire, but with a fresh perspective. [re]framed brings in articles from all sides of the political spectrum to ensure users are accessing the least biased news platform since we allow our audience to form their own opinions and perspectives on different matters by exploring different articles from competing sources on similar topics. [re]framed believes that everyone should receive unfiltered news information without underlying agendas with articles causing them to be corrupted by biases. Therefore, we value providing our audience with a variety of perspectives and articles, so they can form their own opinions on subjects of their interest.
The website is broken down into five main headings including Home, Topics, Let’s Debate, Who We Are, Support Us and Get in Touch. The homepage includes the top trending articles displayed to allow users a quick and efficient overlay of news stories across a wide range of topics. The topics page includes sixteen categories for the user to explore including local, entertainment, LGBTQ+, COVID-19, education and world. Each article is sorted into these categories based on the content included. Let’s Debate is a space where users can come together to voice their opinions in a structured and respectful manner. The purpose of this page is to allow active discussions to occur in a professional manner and allow a more engaging take on trending topics occurring for the users to be involved in. Our about page outlines who we are, our mission, project timeline, contributors and hopes for the future in the news sector. Support Us page allows users to make donations in support of [re]framed — various options in amounts are available and very appreciated. Get in Touch is a contact form for users to access for any questions, concerns or feedback. Other features of [re]framed include a search bar, links to our social media pages including Facebook, Instagram and Twitter along with YouTube.
The re[framed] Website
Development of the Solution
During our initial ideation phase, we used Jamboard to brainstorm various ideas for our product including possible features and pages to include, including product names, and logo variations, along with survey and interview questions. Jamboard was really helpful during this stage in our design process since it allowed us to collaborate while remote and was a helpful tool to reference back to throughout our project.
Research Application
After conducting secondary research and deciding on our product [re]framed, we conducted primary research with the goal of gathering more information about our user’s wants and needs through methods of interviews and a survey. Our first interview was with Erik Kruetzfeld over Google Meet who is a political science major at the University of Calgary — he offered insights into his top media sites, favoured features, how to navigate misinformation and how the pandemic has altered his views on the media. In our second interview, we talked with Shayna Campbell about her thoughts on media bias and the challenges in finding reliable news sources. Shayna is a high school teacher that provided us with insightful ideas for our website from her demographic.
Our second form of the primary research was a survey which was created using Google Forms and was posted to various platforms including Reddit and Slack Groups, with individuals’ age ranging from 18 to 60 years old, varying from post-secondary students, individuals working part-time and full-time, grad students, and retired individuals.
Storyboard, Customer Journey Map, & User Personas
A storyboard and user persona was created using Canva. The storyboard component presented the solution to our problem in a creative manner for our audience to easily understand and become interested in. User personas were created to outline our audience with a wide range of ages, gender, interests, occupations and educational backgrounds. A customer journey map was created using UXPressia with the purpose of outlining the main points a user may go through in transitioning from reading biased news sites toward an RSS news feed. Through the creation of a customer journey map, we outlined our user's goals, actions, processes, emotions, thoughts, and opportunities. The main purpose of the journey map is to understand the pain points of what they go through in transitioning from reading biased news sites toward an RSS news feed that pulls in articles on various topics from a diverse set of media sources.
[re]framed Branding
[re]framed logo development was initially started using Looka and was then finalized in Canva where finalization of fonts and colours were made. While making the logo and branding decision for the [re]framed we took a look at a few iterations of the initial design and tried a few different sets of colours before landing on the purple. The reason for choosing purple is that it does not directly relate to any political parties. The combination of both red and blue might be misleading to our overall concept as they are often the leading colours to represent politics. In addition, the use of the brackets in the logo and round the title of our website reflects the imagery of reframing news media through an unbiased perspective.
WordPress: Building the [re]framed Website
To best build out our solution, we used WordPress as our site builder because of its high functionality due to a range of theme options and plug-ins. We needed a WordPress business plan to use these functionalities in our project, which thankfully, Professor Hans was able to provide us with. The main feature we needed to develop was the pulling in of articles from a diverse set of sources in order to become a “news aggregator”. To accomplish this, we figured out how to combine Google alert topic set-ups with RSS feeds that were enabled through a plug-in on our WordPress. A diverse set of plugins and a specialized news theme were used in conjunction with this, in order to further develop our site and make it more attractive and functional for our users, which will be individually discussed below.
Main Website Construction Tools
* Note: Though we were able to take advantage of these many great plugins, we also were limited with the use of the free or limited versions of each. In the future, we would invest in the pro versions to better tap into their more enhanced features and widgets.
- Google Alerts: Content change detection and notification service, offered by Google. This service allowed us to set up alerts for certain topics (ex. Russia/Ukraine), determine alert sources (news), schedule the timing of feeds (we chose to collect articles as they were posted), and deliver them as an RSS feed to be added to our website.
- MagOne, WP News Theme: Responsive WordPress theme built for magazine and news style websites. This theme provided us with the news-like interface we were looking to achieve and included widgets for the various articles boxes displayed on the site.
- Auto Robot: Auto blogging WordPress Plugin that allowed us to automatically generate WordPress posts from the articles being fed through our individual topics RSS Feeds from Google Alerts. With the use of this plugin, we were able to scrape relevant content from all around the web and multiple sources.
- Elementor Page Builder + Unlimited Elements Add On: Provided a modern and more functional alternative to the classic WordPress builder, enabling easier ‘drag-and-drop’ capabilities and an extended widget gallery to choose more features from. While we needed the WordPress article box widgets to create the framework for our news themed site, Elementor upscaled the design of supporting elements, such as buttons, social media icons, dynamic text and image boxes, and other attractive interface elements.
- MailPoet: Allowed us to create, send, manage, and grow our [re]framed email marketing campaigns within the WordPress dashboard. Integrated within our site was a pop-up subscription sign-up which would allow us to compile lists to further engagement with our community through weekly newsletters.
- WPForo: Forum builder used to integrate the ‘Let’s Debate’ space. This feature was essential as we wanted to create a community in which we not only interacted with but interacted with each other. This forum gave users a chance to gain new perspectives and knowledge on topics from other members. Features included: register/login page, profile pages, forums separated by topics and other more generalized discussions, the ability to post, comment or like, and the addition of badges and rewards for posters.
- Featured Images in RSS: Fixed the issue of our RSS feeds not being able to import photos into our site due to having to add a PHP code to our website. Gave us the option to manually add in the feature image for each article — though this took a lot of time and effort, it was necessary to achieve our end product.
- Page Links To: Added a ‘page links to’ section within the WordPress page builder, allowing us to set up links that open article sources in a new tab.
- GiveWP: Donation tool built into our site that provides customizable forms, allowing our community to choose a donation amount, set up recurring donation payments, and offer text-to-give donations for high conversions. This is the main way in which [re]framed would bring in resources.
- Reading Progress: Created a progress bar that indicates how much users have scrolled on the [re]framed website. We added this as a way to show the reading progress on the page and enhance our user's experience when navigating the site.
WordPress Development Experience
During the process of our idea’s development, we realized that WordPress could be a useful platform for building our website. It allows the embedding of RSS feeds into the site, which would find the best solution to our business idea. Using the RSS plugin feature from WordPress, users can see the latest articles to read in real-time that are relevant to their needs. In some ways, we found that using WordPress as a framework for building our site had several disadvantages. We encountered more than one issue stemming from a lack of PHP access on the platform. PHP is a scripting language that handles data collected in HTML (RSS, 2018). Adding an RSS plugin with PHP codes on our WordPress website was rather tricky at first since it led to re-routing our plan from adding more features. Instead, we had to find an alternative plugin that worked best with RSS to add photos and links to each article.
Pros
- Navigating WordPress was simple and easy to get the hang of it. Its features from the website itself were a number of community forums that helped our troubles along the way.
- The functionality with themes had a wide selection of design templates to choose from that were easy to install. It was easy to match our business solution to the RSS theme and design style of our website.
- WordPress has a variety of free customized plugins to install which improved our website better. Types of plugins included caching subscription forums, social media links, widgets, and third-plugin tools. These plugins helped our experiences as there was no need for extensive knowledge in coding.
- WordPress allows several people to work on the website at the same time. It would show which user was working on what pages/posts without interrupting the work.
Cons
- Some plugins on WordPress had paywall features that limited the functionality to play around that had little to no customization.
- Working with WordPress defines a term, the “yo-yo effect’’ where issues arise when customizing the website through plugins and widgets. The platform itself is not always intuitive. From a user perspective, it can be challenging to figure out what the problem was due to a theme or plugin that had terrible support.
- Collaboration can be glitchy with WordPress. With extra plugins, constant web updates, and user traffic, overall run into “404” errors or make the website slow.
- A slight learning curve can be intimidating, especially for those who have no WordPress experience. Much of the resources found online, such as video tutorials or forums were either outdated or not compatible with our website’s theme.
[re]framed Website Walkthrough
Stakeholder Analysis
A stakeholder analysis is important in identifying who needs to be evaluated and consulted during the early stages of a business. Additionally, it explores the stakeholder's power and interest levels and produces new knowledge about the policy-making process for the security of the company (Varvasovszky & Brugha, 2020). Our main stakeholders are the website users, its employees and workers, executives of the company, and content sources.
Being a website for news sources, the main stakeholder would be the viewers and consumers of our product. Our users have a high influence on our site as they utilize it to consistently find relevant news sources and information that is verifiable. To keep this specific stakeholder engaged in our product, ample energy should be put into advertising and marketing, along with premium deals on our site.
[re]framed would welcome investors as a stakeholder for the company that are affluent individuals who are passionate about journalism and tackling media bias today. We would propose a business plan to organizations or individual shareholders but would be incredibly thorough in making sure there is no conflict of interest from investors. It is through the success of the website that we satisfy this stakeholder, and possibly gain the interest of new investors.
Being a news aggregation site, we heavily rely on news sources for content and topics of our site. Though they do not have shares in the company, they have a fairly large role in the entire concept.
Another stakeholder is the employees of our company, including editors and revisers, analysts, UX designers, and more. They have a high impact on the company as they contribute to the development and success of the website. It is important to these stakeholders that they have job security and a fair wage. On top of that, maintaining a safe and enjoyable work environment is key as well.
Lastly, the people in executive positions for the company are stakeholders, as they have their own personal stakes in the launch and want to see success for [re]framed. The people in these positions include the CEO, CFO, managers, and more. They hold the power when making executive decisions and have a high influence on the growth of the company.
Competitor Analysis
In tackling our problem of media bias and information overload we analyzed a few news aggregator sites to view what competitors our product would face. We wanted to gain some insight into elements to include in regards to efficiency and fulfilling our goals, along with components to further expand on that competitors have used. Through recommendations through our primary research including interviews and the top news aggregators of 2022 (Fogel, 2022) we created a competitor analysis of present options available to users for this issue of media bias.
Analyzing AllSides we found that it was supported through online donations and a membership subscription which could offer the user ad-free reading, a save for later option and a weekly newsletter for $50-$200 a year (AllSides, 2022). Strengths in AllSides included well-rounded sources from various categories, media bias charts to rate each source and where its views lay and conversation groups where monthly meetings were held for users to tune into via video chat. Weaknesses found within AllSides were a poor design for the website in it being overcrowded with pop-up advertisements and poor hierarchy in design elements. Overall, AllSides is close to what our end product is aimed toward in the focus on unbiased information, local and global news options and a conversation starter.
Another competitor was FlipBoard which is a free news aggregator available in desktop and mobile versions that personalizes sources according to categories you take interest in and categorizes them in an easy-to-use format. FlipBoard focuses more on relaying news sources customized to its users instead of generating well-rounded mixed sources — which support an unbiased view. Strengths include a well-designed layout with clearly organized categories from various sources, personalization and sitemap details, along with a strong social media following — especially on Twitter (FlipBoard, 2022). Weaknesses include no focus on unbiased and/or misinformation context — it’s created more for users who know what they like and wish to focus on.
SmartNews was analyzed as a competitor in the gathering of local and global sources and categorized into broad sections including business, tech and sports compared to the above competitors who focused on interests for category topics. SmartNews was available for free for users to access both desktop and mobile and prioritized top news. Weaknesses include a poor layout in a crowded dashboard, poor hierarchy, no personalization and missing any elements of bias rating and emphasis and flagging of misinformation.
The completed competitor analysis helped determine what components we want to include in [Re]Framed including not only a priority for the layout of unbiased information, misinformation and support in the user gaining a well-rounded view of various topics, but also a well designed and efficient format that users can access with ease and fit their news searching goals.
Feasibility Analysis
Implementation
In terms of implementation [re]framed is a viable product thanks to WordPress and the existing themes and available plugins, that brought tangible elements to the website in developing the end product seen today. Through donations [re]framed can be financially supported in upkeep through WordPress and access to various news sources in creating a well-informed news website for users. Through the popularity of news aggregator sites and demand for unbiased platforms such as [re]framed the success of the site is hopeful in its demand and use throughout our intended audience.
[re]framed User Testing Results
We performed user testing for [re]framed which was conducted through the use of Google Forms. It was sent out to various friends, family and peers of ours to gain some feedback on the website and the success, satisfaction and interest rates that users found from it. Overall users were satisfied with the information and services [re]framed offered and the debate page was very popular in interest rates. Most users would partake in the debate space and favourite topics included COVID-19, Russia/Ukraine and Canadian news. Rates of future donations were high and overall interest and using reframed in the future were high as well. Additional feedback from the user testing survey included great comments on the various topics reframed provided and lots of interest in the debate space for users to partake in.
Conclusion
The [re]framed website is a strong product that takes on the fight against media bias and misinformation through a number of features and over all brand values implemented within it. Through analysis of our business problem, research, ideation, prototyping, user testing and credit to a number of technological tools including WordPress, RSS news feed, and other plugins—[re]framed is the well-rounded product that soulc successfully be launched today. Reference to class content, including technological tools of website development, Twitter Bots, storytelling, branding, and the balance of design and business thinking, supported us in the development and launch of [re]framed. Hopes for the future entail more features using AI, coding, and other web development knowledge to create a better user experience and more expansive opportunities for our website users. With the development process completed for this project, we were able to meet a diverse set of our users needs including offering variety of topics from wide-ranging sources, easy accessibility, a unique design layout and engagement features through the debate space. Our visions for the future of [re]framed hope to create a knowledgeable community that engages with each other about worldwide events, and most of all providing a reliable platform for credible news sources.
[re]framed created a solution to solve a big world problem through inviting others to engage within a welcoming and open-minded online community. Goodbye filter bubbles that create social and political polarization — hello to a fresher perspective on everything that matters.
References
AllSides (2022). https://www.allsides.com/unbiased-balanced-news
Allen, Arechar, A. A., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). Scaling up fact-checking using the wisdom of crowds. Science Advances, 7(36), eabf4393–eabf4393. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf4393
FlipBoard (2022). https://flipboard.com/
Fogel.S.(2022, February 12). The 10 Best News Aggregators of 2022. Lifewire. https://www.lifewire.com/best-news-aggregators-4584410
Groeling, T. (2013). Media Bias by the Numbers: Challenges and Opportunities in the Empirical Study of Partisan News. Annual Review of Political Science, 16(1), 129–151. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-040811-115123
Hoffman, & Wallach, J. (2007). The Effects of Media Bias. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(3), 616–630. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00177.x
How Do RSS Feeds Work? (2018, June 25). RSS. https://rss.com/blog/how-do-rss-feeds-work/
Low, & Melatos, A. (2022). Discerning media bias within a network of political allies and opponents: The idealized example of a biased coin. Physica A, 590, 126722–. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2021.126722
SmartNews (2022). https://www.smartnews.com/en/
Spinde, Rudnitckaia, L., Mitrović, J., Hamborg, F., Granitzer, M., Gipp, B., & Donnay, K. (2021). Automated identification of bias inducing words in news articles using linguistic and context-oriented features. Information Processing & Management, 58(3), 102505–. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102505
Watson, A. (2021). Main online news sources among Anglophones in Canada 2021.
Varvasovszky, Z., & Brugha, R. (2020). How to do (or not to do) a stakeholder analysis. Health and Policy Planning. 15 (3), 338–345. https://watermark.silverchair.com/150338.pdf
