INDIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS (1947–1964)

INDIA AND PAKISTAN

On 27″ August regular Pakistani troops crossed the Cease — Fire Line (CFL) but retired after a heavy clash with Indian forces.

• On the first day of September 1965, Pakistan launched a major offensive. The question was taken up by the Security Council of U.N.O., which passed a resolution asking both India and Pakistan to cease all hostile operations. In obedience to this resolution, there was a cease-fire on both sides on 23″ September and the armies of both India and Pakistan occupied the line which they held on that date. But despite several observers (military personnel of neutral countries) sent by the Security Council, Pakistan did not cease to make minor violations of the cease-fire agreement against which India lodged a strong protest.

• To restore cordial relations between the two countries the Prime Minister of the U.S.S.R., Mr. Kosygin, arranged a meeting between the Prime Minister of India and the President of Pakistan, which took place at Tashkent in Russian Turkistan, early in January 1966. A mutual agreement of peace and friendship between India and Pakistan was signed.
• Almost immediately the Indian Prime Minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri suddenly died at 1 a.m. on 11″ January 1966.

INDIA AND CH1NA

• On 25″ October 1950, China suddenly invaded Tibbet and forced her ruler Dalai Lama to sign a treaty by which the autonomy of Tibbet was replaced by the full-fledged sovereignty of China. The Indian government opposed it. this.

The Tibbet issue proved to be a major irritant in Indo-China relations. Tibet was an autonomous region within China at the time of Indian independence. During British rule, India enjoyed some rights and special privileges in Tibbet like an agent in Lhasa, trade agencies in Gyantse and Yantung, post & telegraph offices on the trade route to Gyantse, and a small military escort for their protection. Independent India inherited these privileges.

• The Panchasheel agreement was signed between India and China (By P.M. Nehru and Chau en Lai) on 20″ April 1954 at Delhi.
• The Principles of Panchasheel

The five principles of the Panchsheel are:

(a) Mutual respect’s territorial integrity and sovereignty
(b) Non — Aggression
© Non — interference in each other’s internal affairs
(d) Equality and mutual benefit
(e) Peaceful co-existence

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