Memo: What to do in the event of an accident at the Zaporizhzhia NPP

Here are answers to common questions about the recommended course of actions for citizens in the event of an accident at the Zaporizhzhia NPP. On September 11, NAEK “Energoatom” published news about the complete shutdown of the Zaporizhzhia NPP. Time will show whether it will help to prevent an accident.

List of Contents:

1. How to protect yourself if you live in the area directly affected by the accident?
2. Two possible scenarios of the accident.
3. Where can I see the levels of external radiation and how to interpret them correctly?
4. Who and by what criteria determines the fact of the accident, its scale, the evacuation necessity and which locations are to be evacuated?
5. Who organizes the evacuation, how is it implemented and what legal basis is utilized for this process?
6. What means of personal protection are there and which ones should be used in case of a radiation accident?
7. Is a nuclear explosion at the Zaporizhzhia NPP possible?
8. In case of evacuation, will it be possible to evacuate with animals? How to keep pets safe (in cases of evacuation with and without them)?
9. When and how to take / not to take iodine?
10. How will military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine be protected in the event of an accident?
11. How to recognize the first symptoms of radiation sickness? Is there a danger of hidden development of the disease and is it possible to recognize it, if so?
12. What products can/can’t be used?
13. What impact will the accident have on the rivers, in particular the Dnipro? Will the water really be completely unfit for any use?

1. How to protect yourself if you live in the area directly affected by the accident?

The best thing you can do to protect yourself from the consequences or impact in the event of an accident is to follow the news and evacuate from the dangerous area in a timely manner (or better yet — in advance), quickly and without panic. In the event of a radiation accident at the Zaporizhzhia NPP (ZNPP), notification of the start of evacuation will be issued via means of the transmission of information using cable radio broadcasting networks, FM radio on the UR-1 (УР-1) program, 3 channels of the central television “First National”, “1+1”, “NTN” (“Перший національний”, “1+1”, “НТН”), local television companies, such as “Zaporizhzhia” and “TV-5” (“Запоріжжя” та “ТВ-5”). Vehicles of the fire and police departments, equipped with signaling and loudspeaker devices, private vehicles with the horn turned on, churches’ alarm bells as well as notification systems of industrial and other enterprises will also be involved.

As early as 2019, the Zaporizhia District State Administration of the Zaporizhia Region published the Memo on actions in the event of an accident at the Zaporizhia NPP, which contains all the necessary information on actions from the announcement of the accident to the moment of evacuation. The recommended actions in the first hours of the accident include:

• As soon as it became known about the danger of radioactive contamination, you should immediately put on a gas mask, a respirator, an anti-dust fabric mask or a cotton-gauze bandage on yourself and children.
• Seal the room. Close the windows and doors, hang them with a thick fabric. Close the ventilation hatches, vents, seal the gaps in the window frames.
• Pack food in airtight bags (wrap it in several layers of paper or plastic wrap for food, put it in jars, pans or bags) and store everything in the refrigerator.
• Store water by pouring it into containers with lids or stoppers.
• Prepare the simplest means of special treatment and cleaning — soap or soap solution.
• Prepare everything for a possible evacuation.
• Inform the neighbors. Avoid panic.
• Keep the means of communication constantly on, wait for further messages from local authorities. When the start of evacuation is announced, arrive at pre-determined points in an organized manner and without panic.

Also, in case of evacuation, it is recommended to prepare an emergency backpack (or another convenient item to carry) that will contain everything you need (a list of recommended essentials can be found in the relevant memo at the link above).

If for some reason you are unable to evacuate and remain at home, it is recommended to make a certain supply of food, water and medicine, in case of contamination of food and water sources, and to limit your own stay outside closed premises, to wait comfortably for another evacuation wave or opportunity.

For additional information, please refer to the link.

2. Two possible scenarios of the accident.

There are two types of industrial facilities at the ZNPP that can lead to an emergency release of radioactive materials: (1) a dry storage facility for spent nuclear fuel, and (2) a reactor of the ВВЕР-1000/В-320 (6 reactors).

1. A variant without the introduction of radioactive iodine. Iodine-131 cannot be present in the dry storage of spent nuclear fuel, because it has long since decayed there, same as other short-lived isotopes. Thus, only the reactors remain.
2. A variant with the introduction of radioactive iodine. In the nuclear fuel of a working reactor, radioactive decay products of uranium 235 and 238 accumulate. Among the radionuclides, there is, in particular, the isotope iodine-131. Therefore, in the event of an emergency melting and depressurization of the active zone of the reactor, this isotope will enter the environment. It is obvious that active hostilities near the reactor, and especially its purposeful detonation, can cause such depressurization, and therefore — the release of radioactive substances, including iodine-131.

3. Where can I see the levels of external radiation and how to interpret them correctly?

Why do you need to look at the levels of external radiation? This is important, first of all, for self-assessment of the radiation situation and making informed decisions about preventive actions.

Radioactivity levels can be monitored using the following resources:

• SaveEcoBot presents the data of the network of regional disease control and prevention centers of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine: Map of radiation background in Ukraine online: radiation monitoring — SaveEcoBot
• The National Hydrometeorological Service of Ukraine also publishes data from its own observations on a daily basis: The situation at the monitoring posts of radiometric network of the National Hydromethtorological Service of Ukraine

According to the Radiation safety standards of Ukraine (НРБУ-97) the permissible level of external radiation dose from man-made sources is 114 nSv/h, in the case of uniform exposure of organism for 1 year. Thus, levels of external exposure up to 300 nSv/h (or up to 0.3 μ3v/h, which is also equivalent to 30 μR/h) can be considered safe under conditions of short-term exposure for several days. Under normal conditions, on the territory of Ukraine, according to actual observations, the levels of external radiation vary within the range of 250–300 nSv/hour (with the exception of the Chernobyl exclusion zone). These are the levels of exposure that each person is exposed to every day without any negative consequences for their health. Accordingly, exposure levels higher than 300 nSv/hour (0.3 μ3v/h) can be considered an increased level of radiation, which requires increased attention to this issue from the population.

For reference: normal (average) levels of external radiation in Ukraine, according to open data of the Ministry of Health and the National Health Service of Ukraine, are 90–250 nSv/hour. Accordingly, a sharp change in radiation levels (which will be expressed in a clear, significant and uniform increase in these background levels, primarily in the area around the nuclear plant) will serve as the first signal of an emergency situation or the fact of an accident at the ZNPP.

4. Who and by what criteria determines the fact of the accident, its scale, the evacuation necessity and which locations are to be evacuated?

The leading state body that determines the fact of the accident, its scale, as well as the issue of the evacuation necessity for populated areas, is the State Commission on Technogenic and Environmental Safety and Emergency Situations.

According to the legislation, the main tasks of the State Commission are:

• functioning of the unified state system of civil protection;
• training the population to act in an emergency situation;
• definition of the boundaries of emergency zones;
• organization and implementation of measures to provide the life support of the affected population;
• organization and carrying out of evacuation measures in case of their necessity;
• organization and implementation of radiation, chemical, biological, engineering and medical protection of the population and territories from the consequences of an emergency situation;
• continuous monitoring of the development of the emergency situation and of the situation at the emergency facilities and their adjacent territories;
• informing civil protection authorities and the population about the development of the emergency situation and the measures being taken.

The work of the State Commission is organized and managed by its head, the Prime Minister of Ukraine. In his absence, his duties are performed by the first deputy — the Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine, also the Minister of Regional Development, Construction and Housing and Communal Services, who in their turn have two deputies of their own — the Minister of Internal Affairs and the Head of the State Emergency Service situations. The rest of the commission is made up of chairpersons of various strategic areas of administration — heads of ministries and heads of various state services and agencies.

Decisions of the State Commission on Technogenic and Environmental Safety and Emergency Situations are published in public access on the official resource of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine in a special section, and are available for familiarization and review by all interested parties.

5. Who organizes the evacuation, how is it implemented and what legal basis is utilized for this process?

The evacuation procedure, including evacuation in case of radiation and nuclear danger, is regulated by the Procedure for Evacuation in the event of the threat of occurrence or occurrence of emergency situations. According to this document, the organization of evacuation and the preparation of areas for the accommodation of the evacuated population and its livelihood, as well as the storage of material and cultural values, are entrusted to local state administrations, local self-government bodies and heads of economic entities (as well as the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea).

Decisions on evacuation are made:

• at the state level — by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine;
• at the regional level — the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, regional, Kyiv and Sevastopol City State Administrations;
• at the local level — district, district state administrations in Kyiv and Sevastopol, relevant local self-government bodies;
• levels of a specific business entity — its manager.
• in the event of a threat to the life or health of Ukrainian citizens on the territory of foreign countries, their evacuation is carried out in accordance with decisions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The decision to evacuate the population from the zone of radioactive contamination is made by local state administrations (as well as the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea) on the basis of information from economic entities that operate nuclear installations, about cases of violations in their work and calculation of the projected dose load on the population.

In urgent cases, in particular in the case of a direct threat to the life and health of the population, the decision to carry out emergency evacuation of the population is made by the head of works on liquidation of the consequences of an emergency situation, and in his absence — by the head of the emergency rescue service, who arrived first in the emergency area and has the authority to make such decisions.

In order to plan, prepare and carry out the evacuation, evacuation bodies are formed in the central bodies of the executive power, local state administrations, local self-government bodies, and at economic facilities (as well as the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea). Evacuation bodies include evacuation commissions, evacuation assembly points, intermediate evacuation points, evacuation reception points.

As a good practical example, in question 1, there is a reference to the memo on actions and evacuation preparations in the event of an accident at the ZNPP, issued by the State Administration of the Zaporizhzhia Region.

6. What means of personal protection are there and which ones should be used in case of a radiation accident?

The list of personal protective equipment is provided in the Procedure for providing the population and employees of specialized civil protection formations and services with personal protective equipment, devices for radiation and chemical reconnaissance, dosimetric and chemical control. According to this document, the means of radiation and chemical protection of the population and provision of employees of specialized civil protection formations and services in the event of an emergency in peacetime and wartime include:

• means of individual protection of respiratory organs against combat poisonous substances (gas masks);
• special protective clothing;
• means of individual protection of respiratory organs from dangerous chemicals;
• respirators;
• devices for radiation reconnaissance and dosimetric control;
• power sources and means of indication for the listed devices;
• cotton-gauze bandages.

7. Is a nuclear explosion at the Zaporizhzhia NPP possible?

This question should be divided into two separate ones:

1. Is a nuclear explosion possible as a result of an accident at the nuclear reactor of the ZNPP?
2. Is a non-nuclear explosion possible as a result of an accident at a nuclear reactor at the ZNPP?

The answer to the first question is NO, a nuclear explosion as a result of a nuclear reactor accident at the ZNPP is not possible. There are several important differences in the design of the nuclear reactor of any NPP operating for economic and civil needs, which make a nuclear explosion impossible:

1. Isotopic enrichment of nuclear fuel. The basis of the nuclear fuel of the majority of nuclear reactors of NPPs is the isotope uranium-235. Its natural isotopic concentration is 0.72%, the rest is almost entirely accounted for by the isotope of uranium with atomic number 238–99.2%. It is uranium-235 that is the one (but not the only) isotope that has the properties necessary to start a nuclear chain reaction on slow neutrons. Enriched uranium with an isotopic concentration of uranium-235 of 3–4% is used in slow neutron power nuclear reactors. The so-called weapon-grade uranium must have a concentration of uranium used in a nuclear charge not lower than 80%.
2. Reactor design. To carry out a nuclear explosion, a design is used that allows for a very short time (billionths of a second) to hold a field of fast neutrons, followed by their slowing down to create conditions that lead to a nuclear explosion. In contrast, an industrial nuclear reactor is unable to create such conditions.

The answer to the second question — under certain conditions, as a result of the destruction of the active zone of the reactor, an explosion may occur, for example, of a hydrogen-oxygen mixture, as happened, according to some scenarios, with the fourth nuclear unit of Chernobyl. That is, under the influence of extremely high levels of ionizing radiation and temperature, radiolysis (decomposition under the influence of radiation) of a significant mass of water into hydrogen and oxygen occurred. This mixture makes an ideal so-called “rattle mixture” for a thermobaric (bulk) explosion that requires only a small spark. Such an explosion can be powerful and destroy the reactor shell. But its effect and consequences are much smaller than the possibilities of proliferation and consequences of a nuclear explosion.

8. In case of evacuation, will it be possible to evacuate with animals? How to keep pets safe (in cases of evacuation with and without them)?

Detailed and specific rules for evacuation with animals in the event of a radiation hazard and an accident at the ZNPP will need to be clarified with the authorities responsible for evacuation (central and local) in the event of a corresponding hazard.

According to the precedents that have developed to date during the evacuation of the population in connection with the war, evacuation with pets is possible, but under certain conditions. For evacuation within the country, animals must have a veterinary passport with all relevant vaccinations, and a carrier for their transportation (if possible). It is also emphasized the need to prepare an emergency backpack for pets, which will contain everything necessary for their care for a certain time:

• Water and food for each animal for a period of at least one week.
• Hygiene items: fillers and a tray for cats and dogs of small breeds, plastic bags for dogs of large breeds.
• Basic drugs and medicines that animals need in connection with health problems (if necessary).
• Documents: animal passport, all medical records, prescriptions for medicine.
• Bowls for food and water, and an opener to open canned goods.
• A warm blanket and the animal’s favorite toy.
• If necessary, take care of anti-stress drugs.
• Animal care products: shampoo, brush, claw cutter, etc.

It is necessary to check the means of controlling the animal on the street — collars, leashes (it is preferable to have harnesses), etc. It is also advisable to draw up a preliminary evacuation plan taking into account the evacuation of pets — find a place of stay where it is allowed to stay with animals, as well as study the geography of veterinary facilities in a potential new place. Please note that these rules apply primarily to centralized mass evacuation by public transport. If individual means of transportation are available, their use is recommended.

Also, please note that according to official rules, staying with animals in civil defense shelters and bomb shelters is undesirable. However, precedents show the possibilities of staying with pets in the case of their stay in carriers or confined spaces. If you decide to leave the animal at home for the period of the air alarm, take care of its nutrition and safety — close it in a room, preferably protected by at least two load-bearing walls, provide it with food and water, if necessary — give it sedative medications.

In case of evacuating with animals abroad, it is mandatory to have:

• International veterinary passport, filled out in English (can be obtained at a state clinic);
• A microchip inserted into the animal on the day of vaccination against rabies or later (it is also recommended to have it when moving within Ukraine);
• Vaccination against rabies, the passport must have all the necessary marks, stamp and signature of a veterinarian;
• Form №1-VET — a certificate that must be obtained at the state clinic 3 days before departure;
• Analysis for the post-vaccination titer of antibodies to rabies, which is carried out at least one month after vaccination against rabies and no later than 3 months before departure;

It is absolutely necessary to find out possible specific additional requirements of a specific country to which the animal is planned to be transported.

If you are unable or unwilling to care for the animal in the current conditions, or organize their evacuation, we urge you not to leave the animals to their own devices and not to throw them out into the street. In such cases, you can:

а) contact neighbors, acquaintances or relatives who can shelter animals on a temporary or permanent basis;

б) contact relevant organizations, shelters, activists or volunteers who care for animals in conditions of war and organize their mass and/or centralized evacuation.

9. When and how to take / not to take iodine?

First of all, it is necessary to understand that iodine preparations are not a universal protection against radiation. In case of radiation accidents at operating NPPs, iodine preparations are not taken “against radiation” — because they have no effect on cesium, strontium or other dangerous radioactive elements. The purpose of taking potassium iodide is to prevent your thyroid gland from building up the radioactive isotope iodine-131. It has no other radio-protective effect. The mechanism of operation of potassium iodide is as follows: after a disaster with a large amount of radioactive iodine emissions, our body (in particular, the thyroid gland) begins to absorb it, because it needs iodine for the synthesis of thyroid hormones and does not differentiate the quality of consumed iodine. Accordingly, iodine preparations are taken to block the iodine absorption function. They saturate the thyroid gland with stable iodine so that radioactive iodine does not enter the thyroid gland, but transits through the body without causing harm.

That is, potassium iodide should be taken only in case of damage to the nuclear reactor (see question 2).

Temporary blockade of the function of the thyroid gland and one-time administration of iodine-containing drugs practically do not affect the health of children and adults. But if you take such drugs for a long time and in the wrong dosage, the risk of a decrease in the function of the thyroid gland increases. Therefore, it is not worth taking iodine-containing drugs “just as a precaution” on your own.

The best option to be sure of the need to take iodine is to wait for an official notification about the threat of release and the need for iodine prophylaxis. Such notification is carried out by local executive authorities through all available mass media (see question 1).

The optimal effect of iodine prophylaxis is achieved with early administration of the drug 6 or less hours before the arrival of the radioactive cloud. The drug intake remains effective simultaneously with the arrival of the “cloud” and 6 hours after. It is not recommended to take the drug 24 hours after the onset of radioactive cloud arrival.

Currently, according to official notifications, the state has purchased the necessary amounts of potassium iodide. Each region received the required amounts based on population. In the event of an accident, the points of issue will be promptly determined, the closest to the place of residence of people.

If the accident has already occurred, it is strongly not recommended to leave the place of shelter until the official notification of the local authorities, since you can encounter even greater danger. In any case, it is worth waiting for notifications from the local authorities.

The dosage is as follows:

• children up to 1 month (infants and children who are breastfed) — 16 mg,
• children from 1 month to 3 years — 32 mg,
• children from 3 to 12 years old — 62.5 mg,
• adolescents from 13 to 18 years old, adults up to 40 years old, pregnant and lactating mothers — 125 mg.
• People over 40 years old are not prescribed potassium iodide.

Additional and extended information can be found in the Regulation on iodine prophylaxis in the event of a radiation accident.

10. How will military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine be protected in the event of an accident?

In the conditions of war, radiation, chemical and biological protection, as well as aerosol masking of hostilities in Ukraine, are provided by the Radiation, Chemical and Biological Protection Forces (RCBPF).

Radiation, chemical, biological protection is organized with the aim of creating the necessary conditions for the troops to perform the tasks set before them in an environment of radioactive, chemical and bacteriological (biological) contamination, as well as with the aim of masking their actions with smoke and aerosols.

The RCBPF troops, within the framework of their powers, organize the following measures if necessary:

• Radiation, chemical and non-specific bacteriological (biological) reconnaissance;
• Dosimetric and chemical control;
• Special disinfection treatment;
• Partial special disinfection treatment.

Subdivisions carry out partial special disinfection treatment on their own with the use of kits issued to them for individual use. The equipment is treated with standard means included in the kit.

If full special disinfection treatment is necessary, it is organized by units of the RCBPF troops. For this purpose, units are withdrawn to uncontaminated areas. In specially designated places, personnel leave their weapons and equipment, remove personal protective equipment, after which they perform a short partial special disinfection treatment and undress, leaving shoes and clothes also in designated places for their collection and special treatment. After that, the staff undergoes sanitary treatment (washes in the bathhouse, passes the necessary tests for the degree of infection), receives new (treated) clothes and shoes. Next, a decision is made about the need for medical measures or suitability for further use.

11. How to recognize the first symptoms of radiation sickness? Is there a danger of hidden development of the disease and is it possible to recognize it, if so?

In the conditions of a severe radiation accident, when a person is in strong fields of external gamma radiation (for example, several hours in a field with a dose rate of 0.1 Gy/h), conditions are created for a typical variant of radiation damage to the body, which is called acute radiation sickness (ARS). That is, ARS occurs as a result of a one-time total external uniform irradiation of the human body.

A characteristic feature of ARS is the undulation of the clinical course, in which you can see a peculiar sequence of manifestations of damage to individual body systems. During ARS, three periods are distinguished: the period of formation, the period of recovery, and the period of results and consequences.

The period of ARS formation can be clearly divided into four phases: 1) general primary reaction; 2) imaginary clinical well-being (hidden, or latent, phase); 3) pronounced clinical manifestations (phase of the disease’s intensification); 4) early recovery.

The developed symptom complex of ARS of a person occurs when exposed for a period of seconds to 3 days in doses exceeding 1 Gray. At smaller doses, temporary reactions from individual body systems of varying degrees of severity are noted, or clinical manifestations are absent at all.

ARS is distinguished by the degree of severity, which is determined mainly by the absorbed dose of radiation. In the dose range of 1–6 Gy, three degrees of severity of ARS are distinguished: GPH of the I (mild) degree (1–2 Gy); GPH II (medium) degree (2–4 Gy); GPH III (severe) degree (4–6 Gy).

At doses above 6 Gy, ARS is assessed as extremely severe, IV degree, distinguishing transitional, intestinal, cerebral and toxic forms. The last two forms of ARS develop at doses of several dozens of Gy, and death occurs within two days from severe capillarotoxicosis, which leads, in particular, to an acute increase in intracranial pressure incompatible with life.

With doses of 6–10 Gy, a transitional form of the disease develops, which occurs with severe bone marrow syndrome and severe intestinal damage, adequate treatment can in some cases ensure survival. At doses of 10–20 Gy, a typical form of intestinal damage occurs, which ends in death after 8–16 days. At doses of 20–80 Gy, a toxic lesion develops with clinical manifestations in the form of vascular disorders and metabolic disorders, death occurs in 4–7 days, the damage to the nervous system is secondary. Finally, at doses above 80 Gy, a cerebral form of damage occurs (collapse, convulsions, and other neurological disorders), which ends in death in the first hours to three days.

The hematopoietic system and, first of all, the bone marrow is a critical system, the degree of damage of which determines the severity and result of ARS at doses up to 10 Gy.

A person is born and lives in conditions of constant exposure to ionizing radiation. The typical power of the absorbed dose of gamma radiation, in which a person normally lives in the territory of Ukraine, is 100–200 nGy/hour. This level is a million times lower than the dangerous level that can lead to ARS. That is, the very fact of the presence of external radiation is not a reason for concern, anxiety and panic.

12. What products can/can’t be used?

According to the Memo on Actions in the Event of an Accident at the Zaporizhzhia NPP, issued by the Zaporizhzhia RDA (see question 1), safe food consumption must comply with the following principles and be carried out according to the following rules:

• Cooking and eating should be done indoors.
• Use only those foods that have been stored in refrigerators, closed boxes, chests, in basements, cellars or were bought in retail chains.
• Products from individual farms, especially milk, greens and fruits, as well as fish products can be consumed only with the permission of health authorities.
• Use water only from verified sources (bottled water or water from sources that have been officially tested and approved by health authorities, government, state or local).
• Before eating, use 0.5% soda solution (1 teaspoon per liter of water) to rinse the mouth and nasal cavity.

It is recommended to have an advance supply of water and food, which would be stored in closed rooms and in sealed containers — canned goods, vacuum or sealed bags, bottled water, etc.

13. What impact will the accident have on the rivers, in particular the Dnipro? Will the water really be completely unfit for any use?

The main negative consequence of radioactive water contamination is the risk of radioactivity entering the human body through the gastrointestinal tract (the so-called oral intake). Compared to this risk, other possible negative consequences of radioactive water contamination can be neglected, at least during the acute phase of a radiation accident.

In contrast to the external irradiation of a person, when the main part of the dose is formed by gamma-emitting radionuclides, the ingress of radioactivity into the body leads to internal irradiation of a person, as a result of which alpha- and beta-emitting radionuclides form a greater contribution to the radiation dose.

The dose of internal radiation (estimated in sieverts, Sv) is determined by the activity of a specific radionuclide that enters the body, and is measured in becquerels (Bq). Hygienic standards of the Radiation Safety Standards of Ukraine (NRBU-97) establish the permissible annual intake of radioactivity (Bq/year) and permissible concentrations in drinking water (Bq/cubic m) for the oral intake into the body of a person from group B (general population). The specified permissible levels lead (on average) to an internal radiation dose of 1 mSv/year (millisievert per year). This value is called the dose limit for category B (population).

It is worth noting that 1 mSv is not a dangerous dose — you can compare these levels with the dangerous levels of acute exposure that lead to ARS (question 11). Even somewhat on the contrary — it is a permissible (!) dose, at which level of exposure, provided that it is not exceeded, no reliable negative consequences for human health are observed.

Preventive protection against internal radiation is carried out by a complex of simple measures to control food products, including drinking water (question 12), protection of respiratory organs (question 6) and iodine prophylaxis (question 9).

A conclusion on the permissibility of using water from open sources (rivers, lakes, wells, etc.) for food purposes can be given only based on the result of a laboratory analysis on the basis of samples not exceeding the permissible concentration of radioactivity (see NRBU-97).

The materials of the given article are not exhaustive. Thus, you can leave your thoughts and questions in the comments section.

You can also read on the topic:

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This material was prepared under support of the National Ecological Center of Ukraine:

About NECU | Національний екологічний центр України

Ukrainian version of the article can be found here:

Пам’ятка: дії у разі аварії на Запорізький АЕС