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Blockchain technology got introduced with Bitcoin. It uses the proof of consensus algorithm that relied on the miners to do the hard work. The miners are incentivized to solve complex mathematical problems. The high energy consumption is what makes these complex mathematical problems not so ideal for the real world. Every time the ledger is updated with a new transaction, the miners must solve the problems, which means spending a lot of energy.
However, not all blockchain solutions work in the same manner. There are other consensus algorithms that have solved the problem. For example, permission or private networks do not have these problems, as the number of nodes within the network is limited. Also, as there is no need for global consensus, they use efficient consensus methods to reach consensus.
But, if you take the most popular blockchain network, Bitcoin, the problem still persists that needs to be solved. In short, permissioned networks are efficient regarding energy consumption, whereas public networks can consume a lot of energy to remain operational.