Gravitational Redshift/Blueshift Is Indoshift, It Is Caused By Refraction
Redshift caused by refraction, not gravity
It is quite clear that deflection of starlight caused by refraction, not gravity. The terms of gravitational redshift or Einstein’s shift as we know is terms in the frame deflection of starlight by the Sun or light bending by gravity field of massive object.
Just for emphasize, the lights of objects in the sky reaching the earth have passed through layers of the terrestrial atmosphere, known as having different air density. Closer to the earth surface, the air is denser compared to the density of the air layer above it. The density is getting looser or weaker when it is getting higher.
If a ray of lights passes through from one medium to the others with different densities, such ray of lights will be reflected. The magnitude of refraction angle depends of density of its medium. That is why there are index of refraction. A ray of lights is passed though water, the said ray of lights will be reflected closer to the normal. A ray of lights is not reflected if its track is at the same direction with the normal.
The difference between air density and water density is sufficiently big or in a sudden, therefore the light track in the air and in water looks like a broken line. It is completely different from the light track at the earth atmosphere. The air density at the layers of earth atmosphere changes gradually and regularly. This causes the light refraction in the form of a curve. And the effect of such curve, the apparent position of a star (celestial bodies: Sun, Stars, Planets) will always look higher than its true position.
Deflection of Light by Refraction, not gravity
Gravitational Redshift is not Doppler shift
The Doppler effect or the Doppler shift is the change in frequency of a wavelength for an observer moving relative to its source. It is named after the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, who proposed it in 1842 in Prague. It is commonly heard when a vehicle sounding a siren or horn approaches, passes, and recedes from an observer. Compared to the emitted frequency, the received frequency is higher during the approach, identical at the instant of passing by, and lower during the recession.
But the change in frequency of wavelength also related to temperature of its source. As the temperature increases, the frequency increase and the wavelength decrease. As tne wavelength increases, the frequency decreases, and as wave’s wavelength decreases, the frequency increases. When electromagnetic energy is released as the energy level increases, the wavelength decreases and frequency decreases.
When the celestial bodies become incasdescent as temperature increase, they emit a red glow that we see as redshuft. If temperature continues to rise, red glow turn to orange, the the yellow and then the blue that we see as a blueshift. The blue glow then turn to white. The amount of radiant energy given off by celestial bodies varied with wavelength and temperature.
“This redshift is not related to the famous Doppler shift since the observer is not in motion relative to the body emitting the light signal!”(Sten Odenwald and Rick Fienberg,1993)
Therefore, the term gravitational redshift can be misleading. No evidence redshift caused by gravity. A galaxys’ redshift as Doppler effect actually is assumption that commonly accepted at that time in the life time of Einstein and other scientists. But in the views of the modern astronomy, a galaxys’ redshift isn’t Doppler. It is not cause by gravity, but by refraction. Again, in connection with refraction of light, such phenomena isn’t Doppler shift.
R.C.Gupta’s paper, India
New finding about Einstein’s proving method that isn’t scientific and ignored refraction of light, in accordance with-by coincidence-the same as the invention of R.C.Gupta,Professor,Institute of Engineering & Technology Lucknow, India, in his paper ‘Bending of Light Near a Star and Gravitational Red/Blue Shift Alternative Explanation Based on Refraction of Light’.
Abstract:
“Many of the general relativity tests such as bending of light near a star and gravitational red/blue shift are explained without general relativity & without Newtonian approach. The author first casts doubts on both, the Newtonian and the relativistic approach; and proposes a novel alternative explanation. The new alternative explanation is based on refraction phenomenon of optics. It predicts that as the ray passes through/near the star’s atmospheric medium, it bends due to refraction phenomenon towards star core, like a ray bends while passing through a prism or water drop. A semi empirical estimation of the atmospheric height h and its refractive index μ are made to find the refraction results. The refraction based theory also suggests new explanation for gravitational red/blue shift; it tells that frequency ? remains constant (as it is so in refraction phenomenon) and the red/blue shift is due to change in wavelength ? due to change in velocity of light c in the medium.
Estimated results for bending of light and the red/blue shift etc. with the new approach though agree well with known values, but important thing is that the physics is quite different. Also discussed are black hole, gravitational lensing and space time in the new perspective of refraction. The proposed refraction based theory proposes a new look on black hole, suggesting that black hole formation is critically due to total internal reflection within atmosphere and subsequent absorption into the star core.Gravitational lensing is explained as real refraction lensing with possibility of chromatic aberration.
The new refraction based theory also makes a few new predictions. The present paper also suggests a possible alternative to the Einstein’s curved geometry of spacetime, and indicates that the fabric of spacetime which wraps(curves) around the mass is not the empty vacuum but the atmospheric medium. The new refraction based approach providing alternative to generalr elativity, could have important bearing on understanding of spacetime, gravity and cosmology !” (arxiv.org.pdf)
From the article ‘Red Shift Riddles’
“Several ways can be conceived to explain this quantization. As noted earlier, a galaxys’ redshift may not be a Doppler shift, it is the currently commonly accepted interpretation of the red shift, but there can be and are other interpretations. A galaxys’ redshift may be a fundamental property of the galaxy. Each may have a specific state governed by laws, analogues to those in quantum mechanics that specify which energy states atoms may occupy. Since there is relatively little blurring on the quantization between galaxies, any real motions would have to be small in this model. Galaxies would not move away from one another; the universe would be static instead of expanding.“(cs.unc.edu).
As R.C Gupta said, estimated results for bending of light and the red/blue shift ..etc. with the new approach though agree well with known values, but important thing is that the physics is quite different, it is reasonable to change the term gravitational redshift / blueshift with Indoredshift / blueshift, and gravitational lensing with new terms Indolensing.
When the celestial bodies become incasdescent as temperature increase, they emit a red glow that we see as redshuft. If temperature continues to rise, red glow turn to orange, the the yellow and then the blue that we see as a blueshift. The blue glow then turn to white. The amount of radiant energy given off by celestial bodies varied with wavelength and temperature. Such phenomena isn’t Doppler shift. There is no Einstein’s Shift. The end of Einstein’s Shift. There are Indoredshift and Indoblueshift !
Sorry, Dr. Albert Einstein!
Source:
Gatot Soedarto, Albert Einstein Failed In Three Classical Tests, CreateSpace-Amazon, USA, 2016.
