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        <title><![CDATA[Stories by Sunarto Sunarto on Medium]]></title>
        <description><![CDATA[Stories by Sunarto Sunarto on Medium]]></description>
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            <title>Stories by Sunarto Sunarto on Medium</title>
            <link>https://medium.com/@macandahan?source=rss-64641cdba08------2</link>
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            <title><![CDATA[The Oil Palm Dilemma: What It Means for the People and the Forests]]></title>
            <link>https://medium.com/the-malay-archipelago/the-oil-palm-dilemma-what-it-means-for-the-people-and-the-forests-aab8353b2668?source=rss-64641cdba08------2</link>
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            <category><![CDATA[forest]]></category>
            <category><![CDATA[landscape]]></category>
            <category><![CDATA[indonesia]]></category>
            <category><![CDATA[palm-oil]]></category>
            <category><![CDATA[industry]]></category>
            <dc:creator><![CDATA[Sunarto Sunarto]]></dc:creator>
            <pubDate>Mon, 03 Jan 2022 06:47:29 GMT</pubDate>
            <atom:updated>2022-01-03T06:47:29.596Z</atom:updated>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>An analysis of how the palm oil industry has changed the landscape of Indonesia’s archipelago and how to improve the business practice for a sustainable future.</em></p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*-u0ChOILdidQ_o8A" /><figcaption>Fresh fruit bunches and loose palm fruits (Photo: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p>By Sunarto*</p><p>*) Research Associate, Institute for Sustainable Earth and Resources, Universitas Indonesia | Twitter: HikeIndonesia\\</p><p><strong>“Sebiji brondolan, nyawa bagiku”</strong></p><p><strong>(A piece of oil palm fruit is a life for me)</strong></p><p>This short yet touching phrase was written firmly on a simple wooden board embedded in a smallholder oil palm plantation in Indragiri Hulu, Riau, Sumatra. <em>Brondolan </em>is a term used by farmers for a single palm fruit that falls out from its bunch.</p><p>That phrase represents the special relationship between most smallholder oil palm farmers and the commodity today.</p><p>Oil palm is not just an ordinary commodity. Known scientifically as <em>Elaeis guineensis</em>, the plant is more than a lifeline for them. Assuming an average production is two tons of fresh fruit bunches per hectare, with each priced as IDR 2500 per kg, palm oil can produce IDR 5 million per hectare per month. After deducting the production costs, farmers can still get around IDR 3–4 million, depending on conditions. Although the production costs are relatively expensive, this figure is much higher compared to, for example, the net yield from rubber plantations which is reported to be only around IDR 1 million per hectare per month. Such a simple calculation does not account for externality costs or benefits associated with each of the commodities.</p><p>No wonder every oil palm farmer fights hard to make sure their oil palm plantations thrive. A popular local radio station in Pekanbaru, the capital of Riau Province, once broadcasted a conversation regarding the importance of oil palm in the social realm. “How many hectares of oil palm that you have?”. The answer to that question is something that your prospective parents-in-law consider. In many cases, it is deemed equal or even beats academic degrees and titles.</p><p>“For outsiders of Riau, this may sound strange. But, it is actually a fact since I experienced it myself,” said Harry Kurniawan, 42, a bachelor who is a resident of Pekanbaru. “If you have ten hectares of oil palm plantation, then no doubt you’ll be considered to be well established by the prospective in-laws,” added the civil engineering graduate from a reputable university in Riau.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/850/0*ASNXlrg9SGw1JLWN" /><figcaption>“A piece of palm oil fruit is life for me” (Photo: Harry Kurniawan archive)</figcaption></figure><p>Harry’s story illustrates the intimate relationship between people and oil palm, a plant species that originated from Africa that has changed the landscapes of the Indonesian Archipelago in the last century. However, this story is only one of the many dimensions surrounding the industry.</p><p>Forests have been cleared, with or without a legal permit, because of oil palm. This species replaces the extremely rich biodiversity of tropical rain forests or agroforests in Sumatra, Kalimantan, and finally Papua. Not infrequently, indigenous peoples are also marginalized as a result of oil palm expansion. Several species of large mammals such as elephants, tigers, and orangutans are also threatened due to habitat loss.</p><p>The condition of the field has led to the anti-palm oil campaign becoming widespread on a global scale. In Europe, the label “palm oil-free” is used as a campaign slogan targeting consumers using an image of palm oil as the destroyer of the environment.</p><p>However, studies on vegetable oil production show that such outright rejection is unlikely the best approach. Compare with other sources of vegetable oil, oil palm is the most productive when it comes to the land area needed to produce the same quantity of oil. So instead of rejecting palm oil, we should push for improved governance and practice of the industry, and ensuring the balance of the ecosystem could be the better measures to do so.</p><p>In this article, I will invite readers to explore these dilemmas and eventually present the case for sustainable palm oil. I believe it is the middle ground to ensure both economic viability and environmental recovery.</p><p>Let’s start from the historical aspect.</p><p><strong>The origins of oil palm</strong></p><p>The use of palm oil as a source of oil for human consumption initially originated from West Africa more than 5 thousand years ago — approximately 3000 BC. In 500 BC, the people of West Africa developed oil palm cultivation on a fairly large scale with the practice of burning forests (slash-and-burn). The development of oil palm at that time was also believed to have been one of the factors that supported human migration and the development of agriculture and civilization.</p><p>In the colonial era, Europeans began to bring palm oil out of Africa. In the 18th century, through the slave trade, oil palm reached the hands of a French botanist named Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin. Von Jacquin described oil palm as a monocot plant; a group of like grass or bamboo. In a publication entitled Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia, he classified the plant into the family of palms (Arecaceae).</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/854/0*LB_BNrpgHKBVUTzQ" /><figcaption>Male, female flowers and palm fruits (Photo: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p>Unlike other types of palms, oil palms produce fruits that contain a lot of oil. There are two types of oil produced: Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Palm Kernel Oil (PKO). The first type, obtained from the reddish flesh of the fruit is usually used as cooking oil. While the second type, which is obtained from the white kernel of the palm kernel, is usually used in the process of making soap, cosmetics, and several types of food products such as a mixture of butter, chocolate, and creamer.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*D08bQTHqxjDX-SB4" /><figcaption>Slices of palm fruit showing exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp parts (Photo: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p>Not only to supply the needs of the slaves, but palm oil has also finally succeeded in attracting the European market. At that time, there was an increasing demand for fats and oils. European society was thirsty for fats as lubricants, raw materials for various manufactures, fuel for lamps, and materials for making various products from candles to soap. Prior to the availability of palm oil, the need for oil was generally obtained from animals such as pigs, cattle, whales, and fish.</p><p>Palm oil for the European market in the early 19th century was solely supplied from Africa, which generally relied on wild oil palm and small-scale plantations. However, the demand soon increased after the Europeans learned about the variety of products that could be produced from it.</p><p>Responding to this demand, Dutch businessmen began to bring palm oil to the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). In 1848, four oil palm seedlings were planted in the Bogor Botanical Gardens. Several years later (1850–1860), saplings from this oil palm plant were then planted as ornamental plants in Deli, East Sumatra, an area that surrounds the city of Medan today. Unexpectedly, oil palm thrives there. In 1910, oil palm began to be cultivated on a large scale in Deli and then expanded to other areas in Aceh and North Sumatra (around 5000 hectares). At the same time, the Deli-Dura variety of oil palm was developed.</p><p><strong>The Changing Landscapes</strong></p><p>After the Indonesian independence, the palm oil industry continued to grow. In addition to Aceh and North Sumatra, oil palm has begun to expand to the south of the island, namely towards Riau and Jambi, where about 50% of the area used to be natural forests.</p><p>Oil palm plantations also extended to Kalimantan and often use peatlands that store millions of tons of carbon. Scientists argue this carries a fundamental risk to the ecological safety of the land concerned. Suria Darma Tarigan, a soil scientist at the Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), in a webinar on the science of oil palm said that clearing peatlands for agriculture in any way would trigger the release of high emissions. In Papua, oil palm has also begun to replace the expanse of virgin forest which is a habitat for unique and endemic animals such as the bird of paradise (the <em>Cendrawasih</em>).</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/854/0*s_xGdNvoZKb766yo" /><figcaption>Financial profit is the drive behind planting oil palm by replacing forests and mixed plantations (Photo: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p>According to the analysis of the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG), the area of ​​oil palm plantations in Indonesia in 2018 has reached 17.9 million hectares. Areas with extensive oil palm plantations include Riau, North Sumatra, Central Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, South Sumatra, East Kalimantan, Aceh, and Jambi. This area is more than 25 times the size of the island of Bali. According to the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), most of the oil palm plantations (54.42%) are large-scale private plantations, followed by smallholder plantations (41.35%), and the rest are large state plantations (4.23%).</p><p>Unfortunately, many of them are classified as illegals, including those planted in forest areas covering an area of ​​3.47 million hectares, an equivalent of six times the size of Bali. As reported several times by Eyes on the Forest (<a href="https://www.eyesontheforest.or.id/">https://www.eyesontheforest.or.id/</a>) and other sources, these violations are not only committed by small farmers but also large corporations.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*FNJqXMfa1dQndiaV" /><figcaption>The expansion of oil palm plantations is one of the main causes of the loss of natural forests in Indonesia (Photo: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p><strong>“Piado rimbo, piado bungo”</strong></p><p>There is a massive price to pay for the oil palm expansion and it is the indigenous people who depend on the forest that have to pay the most. According to Irma Tambunan, a journalist for Kompas daily, the Orang Rimba are the most affected communities. “Because their living space has changed into a monoculture of palm oil,” Irma said. Orang Rimba previously lived exploring and depended on the sustainability of around three million hectares of lowland forest in Jambi. However, most of their living areas have now been turned into industrial forestry or agricultural plantations, in which oil palm dominates.</p><p>In her report, <em>The Disappearance of the Flowers of the Jungle</em>, Irma recounted the bitter saga of Orang Rimba witnessing the entry of dozens of heavy equipment into the forest in the 1970–80s. To them, the sound of the engines is more deafening than the roar of a tiger. Residents run scared. Orang Rimba have then been evicted from clearing palm oil. In her book <em>Keeping the Last Jungle</em>, Mardiyah Chamim, a Tempo Magazine journalist, said that replacing forests with oil palm has destroyed the culture and livelihoods of Orang Rimba because “<em>Piado rimbo, piado bungo. Piado bungo, piado dewo</em>” (No forest, no flowers. No flowers, no blessings in life).”</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*1KU2N8OLZcEcRHF4" /><figcaption>As far as the eye can see: in many areas especially in Sumatra and Kalimantan, large oil palm plantations are nearly everywhere (Photo by Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p>However, the palm oil industry does not seem to pay much attention to the complaints of the indigenous peoples. The increasing number of the world’s modern population increases the demand for versatile vegetable oils, and palm is the answer. Palm oil is versatile to use for the manufacture of food and beverages, cleaning agents, cosmetics and personal care, bioenergy and fuel, animal feed, fertilizers, medicines, and various other industrial needs. Simple research indicated palm oil is used in about 50% of consumer products marketed every day.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*ktCYw7qdiCbpDV51" /><figcaption>Research indicates palm oil is used in about 50% of consumer products marketed daily (Photo: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p><strong>The Trade-off</strong></p><p>On the one hand, the conversion of forests to oil palm plantations does increase the economic value of harvestable biomass. But on the other hand, the process has costly consequences for the environment. This is evidenced by a multi-disciplinary study involving scientists from various countries, including one from Lund University in Sweden and Jambi University in Indonesia.</p><p>The study analyses changes in ecological function in the lowland Sumatra by observing several different ecosystems: rainforests, smallholder rubber areas (mixed with other forest species), rubber plantations, and oil palm plantations. The result suggested several environmental aspects — such as the level of biodiversity, soil quality, stored biomass, and climate stability — were decreasing in monoculture plantations such as rubber and oil palm.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/1*EwQqtY_4mVqXLmjolRUnMA.png" /><figcaption>Comparison of harvested biomass, biodiversity, carbon storage, and other ecological aspects between natural forests and several types of plantations including oil palm. Illustration source: Clough et al. 2016 <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13137">https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13137</a></figcaption></figure><p>In addition to being poor in species, oil palm plantations are also very simple in their vegetation structure. This area is characterized by the dominance of a single species, with a uniform age structure and shape. Not many niches are formed here so only a few other species can take shelter under them.</p><p>Chemical fertilizers used in large-scale oil palm plantations have also resulted in a dire impact on water quality and chemical processes affecting the soil. Fertilization is one of the key measures in oil palm cultivation since soil fertility will decrease in a few years after land clearing. “Nitrogen fertilizers in oil palm plantations are associated with nutrient decay which has a negative impact on groundwater quality,” Clough wrote. A number of oil palm communities in their research reported the scarcity of water for washing, cooking, and bathing.</p><p>With such characteristics, the clearing of oil palm in certain areas — such as the living spaces of forest-dependent communities, key wildlife habitats, riverbanks, peatlands, and hills — risks the increase in conflict and disaster.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*fLRW3v5EPoGcA3hj" /><figcaption>Several herds of the Sumatran elephant population are still currently able to survive in habitat areas that have been turned into oil palm plantations but are always under various pressures and threats of evictions. (Photo: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p><strong>Studying the Dilemma</strong></p><p>With both advantages and challenges, palm oil is one of the most debated agricultural commodities in the world. There are two sides of the pole that is unlikely to ever meet. On the one hand are supporters of oil palm plantations who cheered on arguments ranging from economic benefits to nationalism. On the other, those who argued of oil palm harmful impact on health and environment.</p><p>It is pertinent for the public to be critical of both arguments. It is important to note that each side carries undeniable facts. At the same time, there is also a lot of distorted or biased information due to various interests from all the parties involved.</p><p>On the one hand, palm oil is clearly needed and can hardly be separated from the daily needs of modern society today. In 2019, global market demand for palm oil was reported around 75 million tons. Indonesia’s CPO production of 48 million tons contributed more than half of it.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*NoJ-TLWZ8sS2YBcs" /><figcaption>Indonesian CPO Production in 2019 (Illustration Source: <a href="https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/11/30/36cba77a73179202def4ba14/statistik-kelapa-sawit-indonesia-2019.html">https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/11/30/36cba77a73179202def4ba14/statistik-kelapa-sawit-indonesia-2019.html</a>)</figcaption></figure><p>The demand for palm oil continues to increase over the years. Its claim on the ability to produce vegetable oil 3–8 times than of other crops, palm oil continues to be the unmatchable source and producer of vegetable oil.</p><p>Compared to vegetable oils from other types of plants such as canola, corn, soybean, and sunflower, palm oil contains more saturated fat which is more resistant to the oxidation process that occurs during the frying process. Palm oil is also claimed to not contain trans-fat, one that is currently considered most hazardous to health.</p><p>Aside from cooking and other human consumptions, palm oil also serves as biofuel. For years now the Indonesian government has continued to add to the bioenergy mixture in fuel sold at gas stations using palm oil as the main raw ingredients.</p><p>On the other hand, the impact of the palm oil industry on environmental degradation cannot be ignored. The decline in environmental quality by oil palm expansion occurs mainly because of the agro-industry model that is currently developing across the archipelago. It is run by planting oil palm as a monoculture commodity and thus replacing a natural land richly covered in biodiversity typical of the archipelago that used to be of natural forests or mixed plantations.</p><p><strong>It takes a village to raise a child</strong></p><p>In a relatively short period of time, oil palm has now become one of the most influential species and has most significantly changed Indonesia’s landscapes.</p><p>Thanks to the early spread agents and nurturers, namely the Europeans, oil palm found fertile soil in the lands of the Archipelago. Global demand in the last century has driven the expansion of monoculture plantations to replace biodiversity-rich mixed forests and gardens. Endemic animals are losing their habitat. Forest villagers have lost their jungle. Leaving this to the business-as-usual attitude without serious efforts to improve is like committing ecological suicide (ecocide).</p><p>Also, it is obvious that palm oil is a much-needed staple for today’s world since it fills the niche created to support human “civilization” thirsty for a large supply of vegetable oil.</p><p>But between the two opposite poles, there is hope for a middle way to take to ensure the palm oil industry can continue to supply the community’s needs for healthy and environmentally friendly products where the keyword is “sustainable”.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*Z8hyOQz-Zu6KkLIe" /><figcaption>With research, innovation, and incentives, oil palm plantations have the potential to be developed into a healthier ecosystem, richer in biodiversity, producing multi-products such as agroforest and integration with wildlife management or livestock husbandry (Photo: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p>Currently, there are several mechanisms and improvement efforts to the conventional oil palm plantation that have shown encouraging results but generally are still on a relatively small and limited scale. Examples include identification and protection of areas important for conservation, implementation of improved management practices (Better Management Practices), implementation of sustainability-related certifications such as the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO), and a few others. In addition, various ecological-based fiscal transfer mechanisms are also being developed, including the schemes to reduce emissions or absorption of greenhouse gases, carbon tax or offset, and several others that will be able to provide financial incentives for planters making the efforts to improve the ecological and environmental state of his/her area, including in its mitigation to the climate crisis.</p><p>To implement this middle ground on a wider scale, the government needs to create a regenerative business ecosystem, applying coherent policies to drive business innovation leading to a faster environmental recovery. The management of the palm oil industry needs to be improved all the way from upstream to downstream to restore environmental conditions and promote recovery of the biodiversity. Restoring the carrying capacity of the environment as well as rehabilitating various areas that should be protected but have been damaged, such as conservation/protected areas, peatlands, and river border areas or riparian areas, is urgently needed. Studies have indicated when plantation management is improved by taking environmental aspects into account, plantation areas can grow into additional habitats, stepping stones, and corridors for the movement of animals and biodiversity.</p><p>As the saying goes, it takes a village to raise a child. Improving the governance of the palm oil industry is like raising and nurturing children. It takes the willingness of various parties to cooperate as a community. This needs to start with a common intention to improve the current situation towards better circumstances in the future.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*tbxpXEFlEHPqztHM" /><figcaption>Oil palm rejuvenation is a once every two decades moment that becomes an opportunity to improve the palm oil industry to be more environmentally friendly and sustainable (Photo: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p>The key step is to create a healthy business ecosystem, built upon solid restorative policies, and provide incentives for efforts to recover and strengthen our natural capital. The communities, consumers, in particular, need to be concerned, are actively involved, and continue to support and provide encouragement for any improvement efforts made. If these conditions are met, business actors will certainly compete to develop various innovations that will not only generate financial benefits, but also environmental recovery and a sustainable economy***</p><img src="https://medium.com/_/stat?event=post.clientViewed&referrerSource=full_rss&postId=aab8353b2668" width="1" height="1" alt=""><hr><p><a href="https://medium.com/the-malay-archipelago/the-oil-palm-dilemma-what-it-means-for-the-people-and-the-forests-aab8353b2668">The Oil Palm Dilemma: What It Means for the People and the Forests</a> was originally published in <a href="https://medium.com/the-malay-archipelago">The Malay Archipelago</a> on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.</p>]]></content:encoded>
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        <item>
            <title><![CDATA[Sebiji Brondolan dan Hilangnya Rimba]]></title>
            <link>https://medium.com/the-malay-archipelago/sebiji-brondolan-dan-hilangnya-rimba-68955b6b31d1?source=rss-64641cdba08------2</link>
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            <category><![CDATA[landscape]]></category>
            <category><![CDATA[sumatra]]></category>
            <category><![CDATA[palm-oil]]></category>
            <category><![CDATA[biodiversity]]></category>
            <category><![CDATA[kalimantan]]></category>
            <dc:creator><![CDATA[Sunarto Sunarto]]></dc:creator>
            <pubDate>Mon, 21 Jun 2021 09:37:39 GMT</pubDate>
            <atom:updated>2021-06-21T22:18:27.986Z</atom:updated>
            <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Sebuah analisis dan refleksi mengenai industri sawit yang mengubah bentang alam Nusantara.</em></p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*cmqPJRk5jQCBWg4X" /><figcaption>Tandan buah segar dan brondolan sawit (Foto: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p>Oleh Sunarto*</p><p>*) Research Associate, Institute for Sustainable Earth and Resources, Universitas Indonesia | Twitter: HikeIndonesia</p><blockquote><strong><em>“Sebiji brondolan, nyawa bagiku”</em></strong></blockquote><p>Frasa sarat makna itu tertulis tegas pada sebuah papan kayu sederhana di sebuah perkebunan sawit rakyat di Indragiri Hulu, Riau. Brondolan adalah istilah untuk biji atau buah sawit yang telah terlepas dari tandannya.</p><p>Itulah kira-kira gambaran hubungan kebanyakan petani rakyat dengan komoditas tersebut saat ini.</p><p>Tanaman ini bukanlah komoditas perkebunan biasa. Tumbuhan bernama ilmiah <em>Elaeis guineensis</em> ini lebih dari sekedar penyambung hidup bagi mereka. Dengan asumsi rata-rata produksi 2 ton tandan buah segar (TBS), dan harga TBS Rp2500 per kg, sawit dapat menghasilkan Rp5 juta per hektar per bulan. Setelah dikurangi biaya produksi, petani masih mendapat sekitar Rp3–4 juta, tentu tergantung berbagai kondisi. Meski biaya produksinya relatif besar, angka itu jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan misalnya hasil bersih dari perkebunan karet yang <a href="https://disbun.kaltimprov.go.id/artikel/tiap-hektar-hasilkan-rp-1-juta-per-bulan">dilaporkan</a> hanya sekitar Rp1 juta per hektar per bulannya.</p><p>Oleh karenanya, para petani sawit sehari-hari memang bergelut dan berpeluh demi memastikan tanaman sawit mereka tumbuh subur dan berbuah lebat. Dalam suatu siaran sebuah stasiun radio yang populer di kalangan kaum muda Kota Pekanbaru, pernah terdengar dialog interaktif penyiar dan pendengar yang salah satu penggalannya menyebutkan bahwa kepemilikan lahan sawit adalah sesuatu yang dipandang oleh calon mertua. Itu setara atau bahkan dapat mengalahkan gelar akademik dan jabatan.</p><p>“Bagi orang luar Riau ini mungkin terdengar aneh, tapi itu kenyataan yang saya amati dan alami sendiri” ujar Harry Kurniawan, 42, pria lajang dari Pekanbaru. “Kalau sudah punya sepuluh hektar lahan sawit, sudah dianggap mapan, tak diragukan lagi oleh calon mertua” imbuh alumni jurusan teknik sipil salah satu perguruan tinggi terbesar di provinsi Riau itu.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/776/0*FbN-I9CrkMbqMaGr" /><figcaption>“Sebiji Brondolan, Nyawa Bagiku” (Foto: arsip Harry Kurniawan)</figcaption></figure><p>Cerita Harry menggambarkan hubungan yang sangat melekat antara masyarakat dan kelapa sawit, sebuah spesies tumbuhan asal Afrika yang telah mengubah wajah Kepulauan Nusantara dalam satu abad terakhir. Namun, cerita itu hanyalah satu dari berbagai dimensi yang melingkupi industri sawit di Indonesia.</p><p>Tidak sedikit kawasan hutan yang dibuka, dengan atau tanpa izin, karena sawit. Spesies ini juga menghilangkan biodiversitas hutan hujan tropis atau kawasan kebun campuran (<em>agroforest</em>) di Sumatra, Kalimantan, dan terakhir Papua. Tak jarang, masyarakat adat pun terpinggirkan. Beberapa spesies mamalia besar seperti gajah, harimau, dan orangutan pun terancam habitatnya.</p><p>Hal ini menyebabkan perluasan kampanye anti-sawit. Di Eropa, label “<em>palm oil free</em>” pun merupakan salah satu bentuk kampanye yang digunakan, menyasar para konsumen dengan <em>image</em> sawit sebagai tanaman perusak lingkungan.</p><p>Namun, studi mengenai efektivitas sawit dalam menghasilkan minyak nabati dibandingkan beberapa komoditas lain menunjukkan bahwa penolakan mentah-mentah seperti itu bukanlah solusi yang terbaik. Alih-alih menolak sawit, mendorong perbaikan tata kelola industri komoditas ini dan memastikan keseimbangan ekosistem adalah cara yang lebih tepat dilakukan.</p><p>Dalam artikel ini, saya akan ajak pembaca untuk bersama-sama menjelajahi dilema-dilema ini dan menunjukkan bahwa sawit yang berkelanjutan adalah jalan tengah yang perlu ditempuh untuk memastikan kelangsungan ekonomi masyarakat dan pemulihan kondisi lingkungan.</p><p>Mari kita mulai dari aspek sejarah.</p><blockquote><strong>Asal-muasal sawit</strong></blockquote><p>Pemanfaatan kelapa sawit oleh manusia sebagai sumber minyak diperkirakan telah dilakukan di tempat asalnya di Afrika Barat sejak lebih dari 5 ribu tahun yang lalu. Ya, itu 3000 tahun sebelum Masehi. Pda tahun 500 SM, masyarakat Afrika Barat mengembangkan budidaya kelapa sawit dalam skala yang cukup luas dengan praktik pembakaran hutan (<em>slash and burn</em>). Pengembangan sawit ketika itu <a href="https://chinadialogue.net/en/food/red-gold-a-history-of-palm-oil-in-west-africa/">dipercaya juga telah menjadi salah satu faktor pendukung migrasi penduduk dan pengembangan pertanian serta peradaban di sana ketika itu</a>.</p><p>Di era penjajahan dan perbudakan, orang-orang Eropa mulai membawa sawit keluar dari Afrika. Pada abad 18, kelapa sawit sampai ke tangan ahli botani Perancis bernama Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin. Nikolaus mendeskripsikan sawit sebagai tumbuhan monokotil, yaitu kelompok tumbuhan berbiji tunggal tidak terbelah seperti yang dimiliki rumput dan bambu. Dalam publikasi berjudul <em>Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia, </em>Jacquin mengklasifikasikan sawit ke dalam keluarga palem-paleman (Arecaceae).</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/780/0*pplAaxY3DLDFapID" /><figcaption>Bunga jantan, betina dan buah sawit (Foto: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p>Berbeda dengan jenis palem lainnya, sawit memiliki buah yang dapat menghasilkan banyak minyak. Ada dua jenis minyak yang dihasilkan: <em>Crude Palm Oil</em> (CPO) dan <em>Palm Kernel Oil</em> (PKO). Jenis yang pertama, didapat dari daging buah yang berwarna kemerahan biasa digunakan sebagai minyak goreng. Sedangkan jenis kedua, yang didapat dari inti biji sawit yang berwarna putih biasanya digunakan dalam proses <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/palm-kernel-oil">pembuatan sabun, kosmetik dan beberapa jenis produk makanan seperti campuran mentega, coklat, dan krimer.</a></p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*PzHDXIxAudMoWyDk" /><figcaption>Potongan buah sawit menunjukkan bagian exocarp, mesocarp dan endocarp (Foto: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p>Tak sekedar untuk mensuplai kebutuhan para budak, sawit akhirnya berhasil memikat pasar Eropa. Kebetulan pada saat itu terdapat peningkatan permintaan terhadap lemak dan minyak. Saat itu, minyak sawit sangat dibutuhkan untuk beragam keperluan mulai dari bahan pelumas, bahan baku beragam manufaktur, bahan bakar lampu penerang, serta bahan pembuatan lilin hingga sabun. Sebelum tersediannya kelapa sawit, kebutuhan minyak dan lemak umumnya diperoleh dari bahan hewani seperti babi, sapi, paus dan ikan.</p><p>Kebutuhan pasar Eropa pada awal abad 19 hanya dipasok dari Afrika yang umumnya mengandalkan tumbuhan sawit liar dan perkebunan skala kecil. Namun permintaan pasar Eropa terhadap minyak sawit meningkat setelah mereka mengetahui ragam produk yang bisa dihasilkan darinya.</p><p>Untuk memenuhi permintaan ini, pengusaha Belanda mulai membawa sawit ke Hindia Belanda (Indonesia). Pada tahun 1848, empat bibit sawit ditanam di Kebun Raya Bogor. Beberapa tahun kemudian (1850–1860), anakan dari tanaman sawit ini kemudian ditanam sebagai tanaman hias di Deli, Sumatra Timur, sebuah daerah yang mengelilingi kota Medan saat ini. Tak disangka, sawit tumbuh subur di sana. Pada tahun 1910, sawit mulai dibudidayakan dalam skala besar di Deli dan kemudian meluas ke daerah lain di Aceh dan Sumatra Utara (5000 hektar). Pada masa itu juga, varietas Deli-Dura dari tanaman sawit dikembangkan.</p><blockquote><strong>Bentang Alam yang Berubah</strong></blockquote><p>Di era kemerdekaan, industri sawit terus berkembang. Selain Aceh dan Sumatra Utara, sawit mulai meluas ke selatan pulau, yaitu ke arah Riau dan Jambi, dimana sekitar 50% daerahnya dahulu berupa hutan alam.</p><p>Perkebunan sawit pun meluas ke Kalimantan dan tak jarang menggunakan lahan gambut yang menyimpan jutaan ton karbon. Dalam webinar Sains Kelapa Sawit, Suria Darma Tarigan, ahli ilmu tanah di Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), mengatakan bahwa pembukaan lahan gambut untuk pertanian yang dilakukan dengan cara apapun akan memicu emisi yang tinggi. Di Papua, sawit juga mulai menggantikan hamparan hutan perawan yang menjadi habitat satwa-satwa unik dan endemik seperti burung cenderawasih.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/960/1*aex3waTbJGLzHbdxEQBv4g.png" /><figcaption>Dengan persepsi dan niat memperoleh keuntungan finansial yang lebih besar, sawit telah banyak ditanam menggantikan hutan dan kebun campuran (Foto: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p>Menurut analisis Badan Informasi Geospasial (BIG), luasan perkebunan sawit di Indonesia pada tahun 2018 telah mencapai 17,9 juta hektar. Daerah dengan perkebunan sawit yang luas meliputi Riau, Sumatera Utara, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Kalimantan Timur, Aceh, dan Jambi. Luasan ini lebih dari 25 kali luas Pulau Bali. Menurut <a href="https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/11/30/36cba77a73179202def4ba14/statistik-kelapa-sawit-indonesia-2019.html">Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS)</a>, sebagian besar perkebunan sawit (54.42%) adalah perkebunan swasta skala besar, diikuti dengan perkebunan rakyat (41.35%), dan sisanya perkebunan besar negara (4.23%).</p><p>Sayangnya tidak sedikit dari luasan tersebut yang tergolong ilegal, termasuk yang ditanam di kawasan hutan seluas 3,47 juta hektar atau setara 6 kali luas Pulau Bali. Yang mengenaskan, seperti beberapa kali dilaporkan <a href="https://www.eyesontheforest.or.id/">Eyes on the Forest</a> dan sumber lain, pelanggaran tersebut tidak hanya dilakukan oleh petani kecil, namun juga korporasi.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*jRXiAv0S626XTyG0" /><figcaption>Perluasan perkebunan sawit merupakan salah satu penyebab utama berkurangnya hutan alam di Indonesia (Foto: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><blockquote><strong>“<em>Piado rimbo, piado bungo”</em></strong></blockquote><p>Ada banyak harga yang harus dibayar dari perluasan sawit ini dan yang harus membayar lebih adalah masyarakat adat yang bergantung pada hutan. Menurut Irma Tambunan, jurnalis Kompas, Orang Rimba menjadi komunitas yang paling terdampak. “Sebab, ruang hidup mereka beralih fungsi menjadi monokultur sawit,” ujarnya. Orang Rimba sebelumnya hidup menjelajah dan bergantung pada kelestarian <a href="https://kkiwarsi.wordpress.com/2011/11/11/orang-rimba-yang-kehilangan-lahan-hidup-mereka/">sekitar 3 juta hektar hutan dataran rendah di Jambi</a>. Namun sebagian besar wilayah hidup mereka kini telah berganti menjadi hutan tanaman industri dan perkebunan khususnya sawit.</p><p>Dalam laporan <a href="https://interaktif.kompas.id/baca/kisah-lenyapnya-bunga-bunga-rimba/">“Lenyapnya Bunga-Bunga Rimba”</a>, Irma menceritakan bagaimana Orang Rimba menyaksikan masuknya puluhan alat berat ke dalam hutan di tahun 1970–80an. Bagi mereka, suara mesin terdengar lebih dahsyat dari auman harimau. Warga berlarian ketakutan. Orang Rimba terusir pembukaan sawit. Dalam bukunya Menjaga Rimba Terakhir, Mardiyah Chamim, jurnalis Tempo, mengatakan bahwa mengganti hutan dengan sawit adalah penghancuran budaya dan sumber penghidupan Orang Rimba karena “<em>Piado rimbo, piado bungo. Piado bungo, piado dewo</em>” (Tak ada hutan, tak ada bunga-bunga. Tak ada bunga, tak ada berkah dalam hidup.”</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*25x5Y6geF40TMsfp" /><figcaption>Sejauh mata memandang: di banyak wilayah khususnya di Sumatera dan Kalimantan, mudah ditemukan perkebunan sawit yang luas (Foto oleh Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p>Namun industri sawit tampaknya tak terlalu menghiraukan keluhan masyarakat adat. Peningkatan jumlah populasi dunia di masa modern meningkatkan permintaan terhadap minyak nabati yang serba bisa, dan sawit adalah jawabannya. Minyak sawit bisa digunakan untuk pembuatan makanan dan minuman, bahan pembersih, kosmetik dan perawatan tubuh, bioenergi dan bahan bakar, pakan ternak, pupuk, obat-obatan serta berbagai kebutuhan industri lainnya. Hasil <a href="https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/palm-oil-market">penelusuran </a>menunjukkan bahwa minyak sawit digunakan pada sekitar 50% produk konsumen yang dipasarkan sehari-hari.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*dnbuuMWnHn7dg70C" /><figcaption>Hasil <a href="https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/palm-oil-market">penelusuran</a> menunjukkan bahwa minyak sawit digunakan pada sekitar 50% produk konsumen yang dipasarkan sehari-hari (Foto: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><blockquote><strong>The Trade-off</strong></blockquote><p>Perubahan hutan menjadi perkebunan sawit di satu sisi memang dapat meningkatkan nilai ekonomi dari biomassa yang dapat dipanen. Namun di sisi lain, proses tersebut memberi konsekuensi mahal bagi kondisi lingkungan. Hal ini dibuktikan oleh sebuah <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13137">penelitian multi-disiplin yang melibatkan banyak ilmuwan dari berbagai negara,-termasuk di antaranya Universitas Lund di Swedia dan juga Universitas Jambi.</a></p><p>Penelitian ini menganalisis perubahan fungsi ekologi di dataran rendah Sumatra dengan mengamati beberapa ekosistem yang berbeda: hutan hujan, area karet rakyat (yang bercampur dengan spesies hutan lain), perkebunan karet, dan perkebunan sawit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beberapa aspek lingkungan, — seperti tingkat keanekaragaman hayati, kualitas tanah, biomasa tersimpan, serta kestabilan iklim — -menurun di perkebunan monokultur seperti karet dan sawit.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/946/0*wQ__RaTh2sP5lZzd.jpg" /><figcaption>Perbandingan biomasa dipanen, keragaman hayati, simpanan karbon dan aspek ekologi lainnya antara hutan alam dan beberapa tipe perkebunan termasuk sawit. Sumber ilustrasi: Clough et al. 2016 <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13137">https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13137</a></figcaption></figure><p>Selain miskin jenis, perkebunan sawit juga sangat sederhana struktur vegetasinya. Area ini diwarnai dominasi species tunggal, dengan struktur usia serta bentuk yang seragam. Tidak banyak relung yang terbentuk disini sehingga hanya sedikit spesies lain yang bisa bernaung di bawahnya.</p><p>Pupuk kimia yang digunakan dalam perkebunan sawit skala besar juga berdampak negatif pada kualitas air dan proses kimiawi yang terjadi di dalam tanah. Pemupukan adalah salah satu upaya penting dalam budidaya sawit karena tanpanya, kesuburan tanah akan berkurang dalam beberapa tahun setelah pembukaan lahan. “Pupuk nitrogen dalam perkebunan sawit diasosiasikan dengan peluruhan nutrien yang memiliki dampak negatif ke kualitas air tanah,” tulis Clough. Sejumlah masyarakat dalam penelitiannya melaporkan kelangkaan air untuk mencuci, memasak, dan mandi.</p><p>Dengan karakteristik seperti itu, pembukaan sawit di daerah tertentu, — seperti ruang hidup masyarakat yang bergantung pada hutan, habitat kunci satwaliar, sempadan sungai, lahan gambut dan perbukitan — - dapat meningkatkan resiko konflik dan bencana.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*kr7PhJy7582newor" /><figcaption>Sebagian gajah sumatera saat ini masih dapat bertahan pada kawasan habitat yang telah berubah menjadi perkebunan sawit, namun setiap saat mendapat berbagai tekanan dan pengusiran. (Foto: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><blockquote><strong><em>Mengkaji Dilema</em></strong></blockquote><p>Dengan segala kelebihan dan kekurangannya, sawit merupakan salah satu komoditas pertanian yang paling banyak memicu perdebatan. Ada dua kutub yang tampaknya sangat sulit untuk memahami satu sama lain. Di satu sisi adalah pihak pendukung yang mengembangkan berbagai argumen, mulai dari manfaat ekonomi hingga nasionalisme. Di kutub lain ada yang berargumen tentang dampak buruknya bagi kesehatan dan lingkungan.</p><p>Masyarakat dituntut untuk kritis melihat kedua sisi dengan argumennya masing-masing. Dari masing-masing sisi, memang ada fakta yang tidak dapat dipungkiri. Namun, tak sedikit juga informasi yang terdistorsi atau bias karena terkait berbagai kepentingan.</p><p>Di satu sisi, minyak sawit jelas sangat dibutuhkan dan nyaris tidak dapat dilepaskan dari kebutuhan sehari-hari masyarakat modern saat ini.</p><p>Pada tahun 2019, permintaan pasar global terhadap minyak sawit dilaporkan mencapai sekitar 75 juta ton. Dari jumlah tersebut, Indonesia dengan produksi CPO mencapai lebih dari 48 juta ton, telah memasok lebih dari separuhnya.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*aBU0JQbKA2Q4MN2e" /><figcaption>Produksi CPO Indonesia tahun 2019 (Sumber Ilustrasi: <a href="https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/11/30/36cba77a73179202def4ba14/statistik-kelapa-sawit-indonesia-2019.html)">https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/11/30/36cba77a73179202def4ba14/statistik-kelapa-sawit-indonesia-2019.html)</a></figcaption></figure><p>Permintaan terhadap sawit juga terus meningkat seiring dengan pertambahan jumlah penduduk dunia. Dengan kemampuannya menghasilkan minyak nabati per hektarnya yang dilaporkan berkisar 3–8 kali lipat dibandingkan tanaman lain, sawit masih menjadi sumber dan penghasil minyak nabati yang sulit ditandingi.</p><p>Dibandingkan minyak nabati dari jenis tumbuhan lain seperti kanola, jagung, kedelai dan bunga matahari, minyak sawit mengandung lebih banyak lemak jenuh yang lebih tahan dalam proses oksidasi yang terjadi saat proses menggoreng. Sawit juga <a href="https://gapki.id/news/9981/mitos-8-09-minyak-sawit-mengandung-asam-lemak-trans-trans-fatty-acids">disebutkan tidak mengandung lemak trans</a>, jenis lemak yang saat ini dinilai paling buruk dan berbahaya bagi kesehatan.</p><p>Selain sebagai minyak goreng dan konsumsi manusia, minyak sawit saat ini juga umum digunakan sebagai <em>biofuel</em>. Pemerintah Indonesia bahkan terus berupaya meningkatkan porsi campuran bioenergi pada bahan bakar yang dijual di SPBU, yang salah satu bahan baku utamanya adalah minyak sawit.</p><p>Di lain sisi, dampak industri sawit pada penurunan kualitas lingkungan tidak mungkin diabaikan. Penurunan kualitas lingkungan oleh ekspansi sawit terjadi utamanya karena model agro industri yang berkembang saat ini adalah penanaman sawit sebagai komoditas monokultur, menggantikan tutupan lahan alami kaya keanekaragaman hayati khas nusantara berupa hutan alam atau perkebunan campuran.</p><blockquote><strong><em>It takes a village to raise a child</em></strong></blockquote><p>Dalam waktu yang relatif singkat, kini sawit telah menjadi salah satu spesies paling berpengaruh dan paling signifikan mengubah wajah bentang alam Indonesia.</p><p>Berkat agen penyebar dan perawat mula-mula, yakni orang-orang Eropa, sawit menemukan lahan subur di Kepulauan Nusantara. Permintaan global dalam satu abad terakhir telah mendorong perluasan perkebunan monokultur menggantikan hutan dan kebun campur kaya ragam hayati. Banyak satwaliar yang kehilangan habitat. Masyarakat desa hutan kehilangan rimbanya. Membiarkan <em>business as usual</em> tanpa upaya perbaikan yang memadai tak ubahnya bunuh diri ekologis atau ekosida.</p><p>Di lain sisi, sawit sangat dibutuhkan untuk kondisi saat ini, karena dapat mengisi relung yang tercipta untuk menyokong “peradaban” manusia yang sangat haus dengan suplai minyak nabati dalam jumlah besar.</p><p>Sejatinya ada jalan tengah yang dapat ditempuh agar industri sawit berkelanjutan dapat terus memasok kebutuhan masyarakat akan produk yang sehat dan ramah lingkungan.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*nFhrkzKmmwWpyGVz" /><figcaption>Dengan riset, inovasi dan insentif, perkebunan sawit berpotensi dikembangkan menjadi ekosistem yang lebih sehat, lebih kaya keragaman hayati, penghasil multi-produk seperti integrasi dengan peternakan (Foto: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p>Saat ini ada beberapa mekanisme dan upaya perbaikan yang telah menunjukkan hasil, namun umumnya masih dalam skala relatif kecil dan terbatas. Contohnya antara lain adalah identifikasi dan perlindungan wilayah penting untuk konservasi, penerapan <a href="http://awsassets.wwf.or.id/downloads/rajut_belang.pdf">perbaikan praktik pengelolaan</a> (<em>Better Management Practices</em>), penerapan sertifikasi terkait keberlanjutan seperti <em>Roundtable Sustainable Palm Oil</em> (RSPO), <em>Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil</em> (ISPO), dan lainnya. Selain itu, saat ini juga mulai dikembangkan beraneka mekanisme <a href="https://www.ipbes.net/policy-support/tools-instruments/ecological-fiscal-transfers">transfer fiskal berbasis ekologi</a>, skema terkait upaya penurunan emisi atau penyerapan gas rumah kaca, dan banyak lainnya yang dapat memberi insentif finansial bagi pihak yang melakukan upaya <a href="https://programsetapak.org/setapak-publication/mengenalkan-skema-insentif-fiskal-berbasis-ekologi-di-indonesia-take-tape-dan-tane/">di suatu wilayah</a> untuk perbaikan kondisi ekologi dan lingkungan termasuk mitigasi krisis iklim.</p><p>Untuk menerapkan jalan tengah ini dalam skala yang lebih luas, pemerintah perlu menciptakan ekosistem bisnis yang <em>restorative</em>, dengan kebijakan yang tepat agar inovasi bisnis semakin cepat mengarah pada pemulihan lingkungan. Pengelolaan industri sawit perlu diperbaiki dari hulu hingga hilir agar dapat memulihkan kondisi lingkungan dan keanekaragaman hayati yang terancam. Untuk mengembalikan daya dukung lingkungan, rehabilitasi dan restorasi berbagai wilayah yang semestinya dilindungi namun terlanjur dirusak seperti kawasan konservasi/lindung, lahan gambut, dan, kawasan sempadan atau riparian sungai sangat perlu segera dilakukan. <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0030859">Studi</a> menunjukkan bahwa, jika pengelolaannya diperbaiki dengan memperhatikan aspek lingkungan, wilayah perkebunan dapat menjadi habitat tambahan, batu loncatan serta koridor pergerakan satwa dan anekaragam kekayaan hayati.</p><p>Ada pepatah, <em>it takes a village to raise a child</em>. Memperbaiki tata kelola industri sawit tak ubahnya membesarkan dan mengasuh anak. Diperlukan gotong-royong berbagai pihak sebagai suatu komunitas. Ini harus diawali dengan niat bersama untuk memperbaiki keadaan, menuju kondisi masa depan yang lebih baik.</p><figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*L4GryQDDnnLVI57h" /><figcaption>Peremajaan sawit merupakan momen sekali tiap dua dekade yang menjadi peluang untuk memperbaiki industri sawit menjadi lebih ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan (Foto: Sunarto)</figcaption></figure><p>Langkah kunci mencapai hal itu adalah menciptakan ekosistem bisnis yang sehat, yang dibangun di atas kebijakan yang solid, memberi insentif bagi terjadinya upaya pemulihan dan penguatan modal alam (<em>natural capital</em>) yang kita miliki. Masyarakat khususnya sebagai konsumen perlu lebih peduli, lebih aktif terlibat dan terus mendukung serta memberi dorongan untuk upaya perbaikan yang dilakukan. Jika kondisi itu tercipta, niscaya pelaku usaha akan berlomba-lomba untuk mengembangkan berbagai inovasi yang bukan hanya akan menghasilkan keuntungan finansial, namun juga pemulihan lingkungan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang kokoh.***</p><img src="https://medium.com/_/stat?event=post.clientViewed&referrerSource=full_rss&postId=68955b6b31d1" width="1" height="1" alt=""><hr><p><a href="https://medium.com/the-malay-archipelago/sebiji-brondolan-dan-hilangnya-rimba-68955b6b31d1">Sebiji Brondolan dan Hilangnya Rimba</a> was originally published in <a href="https://medium.com/the-malay-archipelago">The Malay Archipelago</a> on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.</p>]]></content:encoded>
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