10 Essential Topics You can Prepare to Crack Coding interviews in 2024
List of essential topics and skills you need to crack Programming Job interviews and resources to learn them.
Hello guys, there is no doubt cracking the Programming Job interviews are not easy and it's even more difficult if you want to crack Coding interviews of tech companies like Google, Microsoft, and Amazon, but you can still crack it by carefully planning and preparing the essential topics which matter most like Data structures and Algorithms, System Design, Multithreading and Concurrency, SQL and Database design, OOP, Linux concepts, Computer networks, and of course working on your problem-solving skills.
Being an author of Java and a programming blog, I often receive queries about how to prepare for coding interviews? How to pass Google or Microsoft Software Developer interviews? Or how can I get a software development job on Amazon or Facebook?
After answering many of my readers one by one on Facebook and LinkedIn, I thought to put together a list of essential topics for coding interviews.
This list will give a good head-start for your preparation for any tech company interview like Google and Amazon. However, even if you are not targeting Google and just want a Software developer job, you can still prepare these topics.
In fact, preparing for tech giants like Google, Amazon, Apple, and Facebook means you are miles ahead of other candidates, and you will most likely secure many job offers from smaller firms, startups, and investment banks.
That’s why I suggest aiming higher because even if you don’t get what you want, you will still get job offers that are desirable by many programmers.
Another critical thing to note is that different interviews need different skills. For example, when you go for a Java developer interview, you are bound to know Java. Similarly, for a Python developer interview, it’s expected you to know Python and some popular Python frameworks like Django and Flask.
For a Web developer, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are core skills, and you will be grilled on those, apart from modern web development frameworks like Angular, React, and Vue.js, with a bit of node.js as well.
I’ll not touch, that topic but I’ll share essential skills that are required to pass all of those interviews. They are also known as core programming skills, and it’s expected from every Software developer to know that.
10 Topics You Should Prepare for Coding and Programming Interviews
Anyway, without wasting any more of your time, here is my list of topics you can prepare to boost your chances on Google, Amazon, and Microsoft Programming Job Interviews.
1. Data Structure
As a programmer, it’s Ok if you cannot write web apps using Django or React, but it’s Not Ok if you don’t know how a hash table works and when to use a list over an array? And, what advantages B-Tree offer over an array? Data Structure and Algorithms are the core of computer science and programming, and it’s expected for every software developer to have a solid knowledge of fundamental data structure.
It’s imperative to have a good understanding of data structure for writing a robust, performant application that your users will appreciate. Imagine, if Facebook or Google takes 1 minute to log you in, you will never go there, forget how important they are. Performance is critical, and unless you understand how your program is working and how your data is stored, you will not go anywhere.
In technical interviews, you will be asked to optimize your solution for time and space. You can’t do that unless you have a solid understanding of how your code works and how data is stored and accessed.
This is probably the most important topic for coding interviews and you should prepare it well.
At a bare minimum, you should know about the array, linked list, binary trees, binary search tree, self-balanced trees like AVL tree, hash table(or map or dictionaries as known in Java and Python) stack, queue, and graph.
You should understand how to store and access elements from these data structures and the computing cost involved. You should also have a comparative analysis of when to use a particular data structure like for a faster search array, and the hash table is better. Still, for faster addition and deletion, a linked list will outperform an array.
If you need a resource to get up to speed, I suggest you pick a data structure course where examples are shown in the language you are most comfortable with. For Java devs, I recommend Data Structure and Algorithms: Deep Dive in Java, and for Python devs, I recommend Algorithms and Data Structure in Python course on Udemy. You can check out that course here.
2. Algorithms
While it’s important to know the essential data structure like an array, linked list, and tres, it’s equally important to learn how to work with those data structures. If you don’t know the difference between linear search and binary search algorithms, and what it means to run in O(log n) as opposed to O(n²), you need to spend some time learning algorithms.
This can often be the difference between a fine-tuned application and a slow, crappy process that hangs more than it works. At a bare minimum, you should know about sorting algorithms like quicksort, mergesort, heapsort, etc. searching algorithms like binary search, and some graph algorithms like fastest route-finding algorithms, which are the base of many deliveries and taxi-hailing apps like Uber, Grab, and Ola.
You should also understand how the library methods you are using for sorting an array work, which algorithm it uses internally, and when a different algorithm would do a better job.
I strongly suggest you prepare for this topic in depth. If you need a resource, Thomas H. Cormen’s “Introduction to Algorithms,” is the most recommended resource, but it’s not for the faint-hearted. For a less intimidating entry, I would recommend the Grokking Algorithms book by Aditya Bhargava and Algorithms course on Coursera.
3. System Design
This is another crucial topic you need to prepare well for your programming job interviews, especially at big tech companies like Google, Microsoft, Amazon, and Facebook. You need to have some ideas about how to design your solution from architecture to coding.
System design is actually very vast. At a high level, it covers things like software architecture, I mean the advantage between monolithic and microservice architecture and choosing between a NoSQL and SQL database. It covers things like how we will design an application that can handle 10000 concurrent users. And includes things like scalability.
Here are a few essential System design concepts you should know:
- Load Balancing
- Caching
- Data Partitioning
- Indexes
- Proxies
- Redundancy and Replication
- SQL vs. NoSQL
- Distributed Systems
At a low level, it covers Object-Oriented Programming and Design, which talk about designing your classes and their relationships, following good coding practices, and software design principles like SOLID.
Because of this, many candidates struggle to answer system design questions, and if you want to succeed, you must put particular emphasis on this skill.
If you need a resource, I recommend you to check about the Grokking System Design Interview course on Designgur.io, which is prepared by people who served as hiring managers on those tech companies, and it also walks you through common system design interview questions.
By the way, DesignGuru has many other Grokking courses to prepare for essential coding interview topics like OOP Design, System Design, Dynamic Programming etc and you can get access to all of their courses for a big discount by joining their All course bundle. You can also use code GURU to get 30% discount.
4. Multithreading and Concurrency
Concurrency is one of the most desired skills by employers, and also one of the most advanced topics brought up in interviews. Because it shows your ability to design a program that efficiently uses resources but at the same time it’s a very tricky topic to master and that’s why interviewers love it.
Concurrency can be used to gauge your expertise and technical depth and is often uses as a key deciding factor in your overall hiring level.
Whether you are just entering your career or are looking to switch jobs, it never hurts to dedicate some time to mastering concurrency. At a bare minimum, you should know about threads, processes, shared memory, monitors, locks, critical section, and deferred callbacks. Having a good knowledge of how to avoid race conditions and deadlock can be even better.
Practicing classical concurrency interview questions like Producer-Consumer, Dining Philosopher, and others can also teach you a lot about concurrency and multithreading and give you the confidence to visualize how code and data work when multiple threads run in parallel.
If you have an interviewing coming up, then I highly suggest you double down on concurrency. This is becuase I know it can be one of the most challenging topics brought up during most of the interviews, even for experienced developers. However, gaining a mastering concurrency will put you at a considerable advantage over other candidates.
If you need resources, I strongly suggest you check out Multithreading and Concurrency Interview Questions by C.H. Afzal on Educative. This course contains the most common concurrency interview questions solved in Python, Java, C#, and Ruby. Going through those questions will give you a good background on Concurrency and Multithreading.
5. Database Design and SQL
As a software developer, working with a relational database is a critical skill that you’ll need, and it will stick with you no matter where you are in your career. Every company from small to large uses a DBMS, so it’s likely that you will come across different data models, type so databases (NoSQL and SQL), and dependencies on various companies.
Knowing how to structure your data within a DBMS is critical. Should you use an entity-relationship (ER), model? A hierarchical model? A three-schema architecture?
The choices can be intimidating, but it’s good to know about the different ways to structure your data as that when you switch database vendors like from Oracle to SQL Server or PostgreSQL, you can plugin with minimal hand-coding.
As a programmer, you should also know about SQL, not just the syntax but also how the database actually runs your query and how joins are executed, how to index are used, and the difference between table scan, index scan, and index seek. These details are not just important from the coding interview perspective but also from day-to-day jobs.
If you need resources, I suggest you go through with Database Design Fundamentals for Software Engineers, where you will learn about the different concepts and techniques you can use to structure your data and explore why you should use particular approaches for certain problems.
You will also be exposed to techniques like normalization, which help to increase the efficiency o the database, and avoid duplication. I also suggest you go through an SQL-focused course like The Complete SQL BootCamp by Jose Portilla on Udemy as SQL queries are also an essential part of coding interviews along with database design.
I also suggest reading SQL Performance Explained book by Markus Winand book to better understand how SQL query works in general.
6. Linux Commands and Concepts
Linux is the world’s most popular operating system for server-side application and most of the cutting-edge solution runs on Linux, that’s why it's very important for you to know how to work in a Linux machine.
While Programming interviews don’t focus a lot on Linux unless you are going for IT support or DevOps interviews, it's always great to learn essential Linux concepts and commands.
At the bare minimum, you know how to find files in Linux, how to check process status, write simple bash scripts and find the process and kill it. Concepts like how Linux boots, concepts of files and directories, permissions, etc are also important.
If you worked in Linux then you can easily answer those kinds of questions but if you need a refresher course then I recommend you to join Linux Mastery: Master the Linux Command Line in an 11.5 Hours course on Udemy. It’s a great fun-based course to learn essential Linux commands in quick time.
7. Computer Science Basics
This is another important topic that many programmers ignore but you can prepare it well to gain some competitive advantage. Companies like Google, Amazon, and Facebook focus on hiring talent which knows fundamentals like how a computer works internally.
You should also know bits and bytes conversion, binary and decimal, storage, different CPU architecture, and how CPU and memory work together.
While these seem very irrelevant to some of you, to be honest, they are very very important and if you know them well then you can think about better solutions and solve complex problems.
If you need a refresher course then I highly recommend you to join Computer Science 101: Master the Theory Behind Programming on Udemy. It’s a nice course to learn binary and decimal and other computer fundamentals.
8. Computer Networks
Along with Computer Science basics, one more topic which you can prepare well is Computer Networks. At a bare minimum, you should know about essential protocols like HTTP, FTP, SSH, TCP, UDP, etc.
Here are topics you can prepare on Computer Networks:
- How Computer Networks Work
- Network Topologies
- Networking Devices & Cabling
- The OSI & TCP/IP Models
- IP Addressing & Subnetting
- Switches & Routers
- Wireless Networking
- Network Security
- Network Planning & Designing Process
You don’t need to learn implementation-level details, just knowing the concept and what they do is important for IT professionals. If you need a refresher course, I suggest you join Introduction to Computer Networks for Non-Techies, it's a good one for both technical and non-technical people.
9. Object-Oriented Programming [OOP Concepts]
The Object-Oriented Programming Concepts, also known as the OOP concept is another essential topic you should prepare for programming job interviews. At least you should be familiar with building blocks of OOP like
- Abstraction
- Polymorphism
- Encapsulation
- Inheritance
- Composition
- Class and Object
As well as tricky concepts like overloading, overriding, virtual dispatch, delegation, and how to model a real-world object into OOP.
You can also spend some time learning about Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) which is a process of solving complex problems using OOP and creating class, object, and defining relationships between them.
If you need resources then for Object-Oriented design and analysis, I recommend the Head First Object-Oriented design book to learn fundamentals and Grokking the Object-Oriented Interviews course on Educative for some practice.
I have recommended a couple of Educative courses on this article as they are really good for coding interviews. You can either buy them individually or consider getting an Educative subscription which provides access to all of their 100+ interactive course for just $14.9, the best investment you can do for your coding interview preparation.
10. Dynamic Programming
While most people cover Dynamic Programming as part of the Algorithms, I have mentioned it as a separate topic because it's a tough and challenging one and many programmers fail to prepare for this topic.
Dynamic Programming (DP) problems can be some of the most intimidating in a coding interview. Even when it’s actually clear if a problem can be solved using DP (which it rarely is), it can be pretty challenging to even know where to start on the solution. Unless that is, you’re trained on the approach to solving DP problems.
I have also seen at least one question from Dynamic Programming in recent coding interviews which prompted me to put a special emphasis on this topic.
I suggest solving at least common Dynamic Programming problems like Knapsack pattern, Fibonacci series, and a couple of more to learn how to identify whether a problem can be solved using DP and how to approach them.
If you need a resource then I suggest you check out Master the art of Dynamic Programming on Udemy. It’s a nice little course you will not only learn about Dynamic programming but also about recursion and backtracking to solve complex problems.
10. AWS, Docker, and Kubernetes [Bonus Topics]
While these five are definitely must-have skills for coding interviews, employers are nowadays also looking for modern tech skills like AWS, Docker, and Kubernetes, which makes them important topics for technical interviews.
Since cloud computing is the next big thing and this decade of software development will be cloud-native, it’s better for a software developer to know about Cloud and modern deployment tools like Docker and Kubernetes.
This is also important if you want to stay ahead of the curve and give a reason to your employer to hire you than the next candidate in line.
For AWS and Cloud, one more thing you can do is to get a certification, not because you can’t get a job without certification but to learn better and get recognition for your skill.
For AWS, I suggest you at least have an AWS Cloud Practitioner certification to showcase necessary cloud skills, and if you prefer Microsoft Azure, then Azure Fundamentals (AZ-900) is an excellent certification to start with.
Docker is a container, which allows you to run your application as a whole, along with all the dependencies. This makes both development and deployment easier, particularly for Microservices. Since the container makes cloud deployment more manageable, they are also easier for the manager to scale up and down.
Kubernetes is a container orchestration tool, which means it can use manager containers at scale. It’s easy to deploy and manage a few boxes, but when you have to deploy 100s of containers for your application for a promotion event like Amazon prime Sale and then need to take it down once traffic returns to normalcy is not easy. Kubernetes can do that for you and provide automation and peace of mind.
While both Docker and Kubernetes are not mandatory skills for a programmer but definitely essential from the Job perspective. I recommend every Software developer or aspiring programmer to learn Docker and Kubernetes, and if you need a resource, Stephen Grider’s online course Docker and Kubernetes: The Complete Guide on Udemy is a great starting point.
That’s all about some of the most important topics you can prepare to crack the Programming and Coding interview of companies like Google, Microsoft, Apple, Facebook, and Amazon. Along with these topics, I have also listed some of the best books and courses you can take to learn those skills and be better prepared for your next coding interview.
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Thanks for reading this article so far. If you find these Coding and Programming Job interview skills and topics useful, then please share them with your friends and colleagues.
If you have any questions or feedback, then please drop a note.
P. S. — If you are aiming for FAANG (Facebook, Amazon, Apple, Netflix, and Google) companies then I also suggest you join the Master the Coding Interview: Big Tech (FAANG) Interviews course by Andrei Neagoie on ZTM Academy. FAANG interviews are the toughest to crack and this course is a valuable resource to crack FAANG interviews.
You can also use our code friends10 to get a 10% discount on any membership.
