Einstein: Energy-Time Equivalence
Planck’s Constant Was Smaller in the Early Universe
Einstein introduced energy-mass equivalence, rejected Newtonian absolute time and introduced time dilation, got the Nobel prize for the photoelectric effect (light or photon energy), and he was looking for something more universal than his two relativistic theories. If denote by D time dilation factor (by which time is slower in one area compared to another; with D = 1 when no difference in time passage/speed), then his findings can be summarized in 3 formulas:
- E = mc²×D² — static matter energy (elaborated on pages 83–84 of Time Matters);
- E = mc²×(D+1/D)/2 — relativistic energy (elaborated on the page 73 of Time Matters);
- E = ℏ 𝜈 — light wave energy (ℏ — Planck’s constant, 𝜈 — light frequency).
The last formula does not conserve energy when 𝜈 drops because of Hubble Redshift. The reason for Hubble Redshift is in time speeding up (D < 1 for our time compared to the past time). Energy is still conserved if count 𝜈 number of harmonics over D-prorated time period, like this:
- E = ℏ 𝜈/D.
Einstein bound energy to time.
Where does D² in E = mc²×D² come from? It comes from Joules’ change over time (Joules is a unit of energy). For example, time in our Universe sped up by a factor 2 during the last 14 billion years, that gives our time dilation value as 0.5 if compared to the time flow 14 billion years ago, thus, Joules now is 4 times smaller than it was 14 billion years ago (elaborated on pages 83–84 of Time Matters). Thus, the energy conserving formula should compensate for Joules unit change by D². Because of Joules’ change, formula E = ℏ 𝜈, or even formula E = ℏ 𝜈/D does not conserve energy of the light due to time speeding up. To counter Joules unit degradation by D² (where D < 1), E = ℏ 𝜈/D formula should be adjusted to E = ℏ 𝜈/D³. Let’s rewrite it as
- E = ℏ(D)×𝜈, where ℏ(D)=ℏ/D³.
This means that 14 billion years ago ℏ was 8 times smaller than now, and it continues to grow as ℏ/D³ (with D < 1 and D decreasing), where ℏ is the current value. Planck’s “constant” dependency on time speed/dilation can provide a new perspective on processes possible at lower rungs of the time-to-matter evolutionary ladder.
James Webb telescope observes the Universe at redshift values 16–20, and such redshift translates into time dilation D at 17–21 range compared to our time (because D=Z+1, where Z is redshift), which translates into Plank’s “constant” being 5,000–10,000 times smaller than its current value. What implications should be for the physics of galaxies then? At the beginning of time, when it was thousand (or million) times slower, therefore Planck’s “constant” was a billion (or a million of trillions) times smaller, what processes were going on then? Lower values of Planck’s “constant” in the early Universe mean lower energy barriers, which make some currently impossible/improbable processes very much probable when time was very slow. And with time burning/speeding up in the Universe and with Planck’s “constant” growing, the set of probable processes changes.
Another area of slow time is inside particles/nucleus/atoms. Check strong force explanation by large D-values and large D⁵-factor in Extraordinary Stabilizing Power of Time Dilation. Time inside particles is slower than time inside nucleus, time inside nucleus is slower than time in atoms, and time in atoms is slower than our time. Thus, Planck’s “constant” and the set of possible/probable processes change from layer to layer.
Continue with Time Matters: There is a difference between math models and reality. Take the beloved gravity, for example. First, it was Keppler’s geometrical laws of gravity, then Newtonian calculus, then Einstein’s General Relativity. In all cases, it was just a math model matching reality. Newton started the search for “Gravitational Agent” by admitting that he could not explain what causes gravity. And he could not find it, because he stayed on Absolute time — “time passage (time speed) is the same everywhere and always”. Rejection of absolute time is Einstein’s number one achievement, and gravity caused by time dilation is Einstein’s number two achievement: time difference/dilation curves geodesic lines in his 4-dimensional spacetime surrogate model, thus, causes gravity. That was the model, but not the real agent. In my book, I explain that time is quantum fluctuations, and gravity is a push (or a difference in pushes) from quantum fluctuations. In other words — Gravity is Time Pressure. That not only concludes the search for Newtonian Gravitational Agent, but solves major mysteries of our Universe (like Hubble’s redshift) and our Milky Way (like Vera Rubin’s puzzle for spiral galaxies). It also explains Bob Lazar’s “antigravity craft”. And it debunks scientific dogmas like Big Bang, Universe Expansion, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Spooky Action at a Distance, … It turned out that a simple mistake, revealed in the first chapter, plunged physics into dark ages: the old Universe appears to us red not because it recedes from us, but because time in the Universe speeds up. About 14 billion years ago there was no Big Bang, only time back then was twice slower than time today. And the Universe existed long before that, for example, 32 billion years ago, but time back then was 12 times slower than time is now.
“That’s all it takes really, pressure and time.”
Shawshank Redemption
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