TIME DILATION = 1+REDSHIFT, and no-no Big Bang
“We can’t solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them.”
Albert Einstein
“Time Dilation” means slowing down time or clock. Such feature of time was discovered by Einstein theoretically and then confirmed in real life. Two reasons or cases for time dilation are very well known and compete against each other inside Geolocation satellites. One discovery states time slows down near massive objects. For example, time runs faster at our head level than at our feet level — because feet are closer to Earth. Another discovery states time slows down for any moving object. Geolocation satellites require high precision in measuring time to come out with right coordinates. On their orbit time runs faster than on Earth because satellites are farther from Earth. But because satellites move fast, time slows down there as well. Calculations show that altogether satellite clock speeds up. Because of this, satellite clocks are made to run slower intentionally, so when on the orbit, they speed up and stay in sync with the time on Earth.
“Redshift” means regular light that is usually white, for some reason, for some observers looks red. “Blueshift” is similar concept when light emitted as white appears bluish to an observer. Physically that means redshifted light wave became longer when received, and blueshifted light wave became shorter when received. Doppler found that when light emitter and/or receiver move away from each other (does not matter one or both move away, or one moves closer but another runs away faster) then the received light is redshifted compared to the emitted. And when light emitter and receiver move in direction to each other (closing distance between them in any way) then light is blueshifted when received.
Group of astronomers lead by Hubble found that majority of galaxies look reddish when observed in telescope. And the farther these galaxies from us, the redder they look to us. Their measurements were summarized in the theory stating that our Universe is expanding, and its expansion accelerates. That was expressed by formula
V = H * D
V — Recessional velocity, H — Hubble’s constant, D — Proper distance. Hubble’s constant is about recession rate and its value is around 70 km/sec / Megaparsec. Its reverse value 1/H that is about 14 billion years is better known as the approximate age of our Universe. There are some issues with the theory of the accelerated expansion of Universe. If it was true then the later in time, the faster space expands. And there is nothing later than here and now, so scientists measured how fast space is expanding around us — on Earth, in Solar system, and in our Milky Way. And no expansion has been detected! And what our bodies — shall they expand with age too?
So, the first task: Explain starlight redshift, the farther star the more reddish it is, without the space expansion. And how new solution can be verified?
My solution: Time was slow in the past, and it speeds up since.
We’ll working with Z = (Wavelength received / Wavelength at the source) — 1.
If wavelength of the light did not change then Z = 0, if redshifted then Z > 0, if blueshifted then Z < 0. Z-value is called redshift. Starlight observations look like this:
We’ll be talking about time now and then and about time running slow or fast. Such talks might be confusing. Let me give you an example of such confusing talk at Wikipedia about tidal effects slowing down Earth spinning:
“700 million years ago Earth day was 22 hours, and year was 400 days”.
Does it mean that day is longer now, but year is shorter now? If that is not confusing already, then let’s ask what happened to a month — has it become shorter or longer since? Problem is in the language. Let me rewrite the original statement:
700 million years ago, their day lasted 22 our hours, and their year lasted 400 their days — meaning Earth spinned faster (rotation around Sun is not discussed).
Coming back to our task — how can we compare time passage now and then. For this, some kind of message is used — from the past to now. Let say, and I’m making those numbers up for now, real numbers will come later:
10 billion years ago time was 2 times slower (real numbers will come later).
What does it mean and what is the measurement for this? It means the following:
If someone who lived 10 billion years ago took 10 sec of his time to send me a radio signal of 100 harmonics (100-wave signal), then on my radio this signal lasts 20 sec.
In other words, clocks are ticking twice faster now — time is twice faster now. What does it mean if expressed by a frequency of the signal at the source and at the destination:
- At the source frequency was 100 harmonics / 10 sec = 10 Hertz
- At the destination it became 100 harmonics / 20 sec = 5 Hertz
- That means frequency dropped twice. As for wavelength that means it doubled — because wavelegth is in reverse to the frequency (by Einstein’s formula, frequency multiplied by wavelength gives the speed of light constant). In the terms of redshift that means Z+1 = 2 or Z=1:
Z = (Wavelength received / Wavelength at the source) — 1 = 2–1 = 1.
This example helps to build intuition that slowness of the time in the past can be rated in 1+Z that is the ratio of the wavelegth received to the wavelength sent. New explanation for GN-z11 observation at the map above now will be:
32 billion years ago time was running 12 times slower than it runs today.
And to understand or calculate that about GN-z11, there is no need to know anything about time zones in between. Hubble’s and his followers’ measurements can be reused for such new explanations. And since there is no expansion of the Universe in my model, there is the only one distance to the stars, and not three types of distances as from Hubble’s model.
Now to the second question — how to prove my model? Let’s think back — Hubble’s constant 70 km/sec / Megaparsec for expansion rate was derived from redshift observations. Megaparsec is 3,262,000 light years. Let’s recover redshift from Hubble’s constant using known formula:
Z = (1+V/C)⁰·⁵ / (1-V/C)⁰·⁵ — 1
Here V is recession speed and C is the speed of light 300,000 km/sec. When V/C is a small value the formula above is simplified to
Z = V/C
Hubble’s ratio (x*70 km/sec) / (x*3.262,000 ly) for x = 1 / 3,262,000 means that recession speed in 1 year is
V = 70 / 3,262,000 km/sec,
so
V/C = 70 / 3,262,000 / 300,000 = 7.153 * 10⁻¹¹
Originally Hubble’s measurements were about redshift observed literally.
Z+1 = 1+ 7.153 * 10⁻¹¹ a year.
So, in-lab experiment to confirm that time speeds up can be the following:
Loop a laser light (using mirrors). Measure its wavelength at the source once. Let it run for one year, without any retransmission — signal measured in a year should be the original — not retransmitted. Measure its wavelength in a year. If received light wave is 1+ 7.153 * 10⁻¹¹ times longer compared to what was year before, then we have in-lab proof. Please be accurate with the tools used — frequency/wavelength measurements implicitly rely on some definition of a second. That tool should not cancel out signal change that happens due to time change (for “faulty tools” see Refining the Big Bang Debunking Experiment). I checked what is used as a “second” nowadays — it is defined as the time for some process in Caesium-133 to oscillate 9,192,631,770 times. Interestingly enough that the anticipated 7.153 * 10⁻¹¹ delta in time and Caesium-133 clock tick = 1 / 9,192,631,770 have close to 10⁻¹⁰ magnitude. But Wikipedia article about this clock says that its precision is 10⁻¹⁶ actually — accurate to a millionth fraction of a tick. That is more than enough for our experiment.
With this theory of no inflation — neither Dark Energy is required to inflate Universe, nor Dark Matter is required to maintain extending Universe density. We got rid of Dark Energy completely. To get rid of Dark Matter completely we are to solve one more puzzle in spiral galaxies (similar puzzle exists for galaxies clusters, but Time Dilation solves them all).
Let’s finish this chapter with a discussion about refraction. When light wavelength changes, then light is refracted by Snell’s formula:
If look at timezones’ map, line of the sight is perpendicular to TZ1 — TZ11 borders. For an observer, refraction is not happening (when observing remote objects — when looking into the past) because angles R and B in Snell’s formula are both zero. So, we are good — no refraction interferes when observing the past. BUT! When observing a distant galaxy, those angles are not exactly zeros, because galaxy has a visible size. Snell’s law Sin(R) = (1 + Z) × Sin(B) makes R ≠ B, because (1 + Z) varies from 1 to 12 on the path from the remote galaxies to us. Such refraction is known as concave lensing:
Image for an observer looks smaller through concave lensing than the object itself. The farther galaxies the smaller they appear to us — much smaller than they would look like without such lensing caused by time speeding up on the way to us. This effect on distant observations was never accounted for, so smallness of distant galaxies is hugely overrated. For example, let’s compare how galaxies that are 32 billion light years away from us appear smaller to us than galaxies that are only 14 billion light years away. If not for refraction, they would have appeared 32/14=2.3 times smaller by distance, but because of refraction (12 times slower time vs. 2 times slower time) they appear to us (32/14) × (12/2) = 13.7 times smaller. On top of this, there is refraction/diminishing factor of 2 on the way from 14 billion LY (light years, Z=1) to us. Thus, Z=11 galaxies appear 27.4 times smaller than they would have looked to us without concave lensing effect. Remote galaxies are neither small nor infant — “appearances can be deceiving” — and our astronomers have to wake up to this.
And the most interesting question “Why does time speed up?” we leave for a later chapter, where the essence of Time is revealed.
Adjusted experiment that works even with a clock that is out of sync with the space time is described in Refining the Big Bang Debunking Experiment.
