Geological Wonders: The Volcano Explained
Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and has been continuously erupting since 1983, spilling lava into the Pacific Ocean
A Volcano is a geological structure that results from the rise of magma followed by the eruption of materials (gas and lava) from this magma.
Volcanoes have not only shaped the physical landscape of our planet over the course of Geological History, but they have also left a profound impact on human history and civilization.
Throughout time, humans have interacted with volcanoes in various ways, from mythological beliefs to scientific discoveries.
From towering mountains spewing molten lava to explosive eruptions that shape the landscape, Volcanoes are both beautiful and dangerous.
Combination of Rock, Pressure, and Magma
Magma is underground, lava is on the surface.
Hundreds to thousands of years can be necessary for shaping a Volcano as we imagine it.
The process has been the same for each eruption and will be until the end of our planet’s activity.
The Volcano Cycle Described in 6 Steps:
1. First, subduction occurs creating intense pressure and heat.
(i.e., Subduction is the process in which one tectonic plate moves beneath another plate at a convergent boundary)
2. The temperature rises with the depth (≃30°C/km), causing the partial melting of rocks. (i.e. some minerals melt under the effect of heat, but the entire rock does not liquefy completely; at most 50% of the rock liquefies)
3. The molten rock resulting from it, is called magma. As magma is less dense than surrounding rocks, it ascends towards the surface, seeking pathways such as fractures and fissures in the Earth’s crust.
4. When the magma’s path is obstructed by hard rocks or sealed fissures, it accumulates in what is known as a magma chamber (i.e. a magma reservoir).
5. As magma continues to accumulate in the chamber, the pressure within increases. Eventually, the rocks above the chamber fracture, allowing the highly pressurized magma to forcefully erupt to the surface.
6. During eruptions, magma, now called lava, cools and forms volcanic rocks that shape the cones of volcanoes.
Some Impacts of Volcanoes
The Thrihnukagigur Volcano in Iceland houses a unique, empty magma chamber that can be explored by visitors through rappelling descents.
Human life
Earth’s history alternates between the Glacial and Interglacial Periods. When the Earth is covered by ice, Volcanoes are the way out.
By releasing hot matter and CO2 gases, this allows the planet to warm up and melt the ice.
Without it, human life on Earth would not have been possible.
Human energy
According to the IEA, geothermal energy as a renewable energy source could triple by 2050 (8% in the world).
Volcanic areas are ideal for geothermal energy. Indeed, the heat of the ground allows the production of renewable energy using the hot water it contains.
Approximately 25% of electricity produced in Iceland comes from geothermal sources, making it the country with the highest per capita geothermal energy production.
Human foods
The minerals released during eruptions are rich in nutrients. It’s an ideal place (when the volcano is asleep…) for agriculture, thanks to the more fertile soil than elsewhere.
The slopes of Sicily’s Etna Volcano, where vineyards benefit from fertile soil and favorable climatic conditions to produce quality wines are a good example.
If you want to know more about Volcanoes, check out my detailed article here!
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