被紧缚的花房: 仙境中的“耻”女郎[1]·耻感文化

繁花走線 - Blooming Runner
15 min readFeb 16, 2023

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当老师把女学生放在实验床上时,白色的迷雾已经把女孩子带入奇境的梦幻中。花色的布单扯下,一朵娇艳的花蕾赤裸地呈现在老师的眼前,犹如远古的阿尔塔米拉(西班牙語:Cueva de Altamira。位于西班牙北部桑坦德市以西30公里的桑蒂利亚纳戴尔马尔小镇。洞内保存有距今至少12000年以前的,旧石器时代晚期的人类原始绘画艺术遗迹)人简洁线条勾勒出来的青春之花,动人心魄,而又让人生出无限爱意。

实验用的金属探测棒,无情地插入花蕊,被迫绽放的花苞,在痛苦中,奏出最原始的花吟。无法区分现实和梦幻,唯有起起伏伏生香活色,带我回到“素女为我师,仪态盈万方”的远古。

《女郎漫游仙境》剧照,极“耻”实验

After Altamira, all is decadence。

阿尔塔米拉之后,一切艺术都衰落了。

— — 巴勃罗·鲁伊斯·毕加索(西班牙语:Pablo Ruiz Picasso,1881年10月25日-1973年4月8日,西班牙著名的艺术家,法国成名,和乔治·布拉克同为立体主义的创始者,是20世纪现代艺术的主要代表人物之一)

耻感文化

鲁思·本尼迪克特(Ruth Benedict,原姓Fulton,1887年6月5日-1948年9月17日,又译作:露丝·潘乃德),20世纪初的美国人类学家,女性学者,受到弗朗茨·博厄斯(德语:Franz Boas,1858年7月9日-1942年12月21日,也译作:法兰兹·鲍亚士。德裔美国人类学家,现代人类学的先驱之一,被称为“美国人类学之父”)的影响,同爱德华·萨皮尔(德语:Edward Sapir,1884年1月26日-1939年2月4日,又译沙皮尔、萨丕尔,生于普鲁士王国伦堡[今属波兰],美国人类学家和语言学家)提出了文化形貌论(Cultural Configuration),认为文化如同个人,具有不同的类型与特征。

鲁思·本尼迪克特,1937年摄

在二战期间,鲁思·本尼迪克特受美国政府委托,试图了解日本侵略文化的模式,并希望找到可能的弱点,或者说服手段,解决盟军是否应该占领日本,以及美国应该如何管理日本的问题。她通过大量的文学作品、剪报、电影和录音等资料,运用文化人类学方法对日本进行研究,重点是分析了日本国民的性格。报告在1944年完成,在1946年整理成书《菊与刀(The Chrysanthemum and the Sword)出版。

In anthropological studies of different cultures the distinction between those which rely heavily on shame and those that rely heavily on guilt is an important one. A society that inculcates absolute standards of morality and relies on men’s developing a conscience is a guilt culture by definition, but a man in such a society may, as in the United States, suffer in addition from shame when he accuses himself of gaucheries which are in no way sins. He may be exceedingly chagrined about not dressing appropriately for the occasion or about a slip of the tongue. In a culture where shame is a major sanction, people are chagrined about acts which we expect people to feel guilty about. This chagrin can be very intense and it cannot berelieved, as guilt can be, by confession and atonement. A man who has sinned get relief by unburdening himself. This device of confession is used in our secular therapy and by many religious groups which have otherwise little in common. We know it bring relief. Where shame is the major sanction, a man does not experience relief when he makes his fault public even to a confessor. So long as his bad behavior does not ‘get out into the world’ he need not be troubled and confession appears to him merely a way of courting trouble. Shame cultures therefore do not provide for confessions, even to the gods. They have ceremonies for good luck rather than for expiation.

True shame cultures rely on external sanctions for good behavior, not, as true guilt cultures do, on an internalized conviction of sin. Shame is a reactio nt oothe rpeople’s criticism. A man is shamed either by being openly ridiculed and rejected or by fantasying to himself that he has been made ridiculous. In either case it is a potent sanction. But it requires an audience or at least a man’s fantasy of an audience. Guilt does not. In a nation where honor means living up to one’s own picture of oneself, a man may suffer from guilt though no man knows of his misdeed and a man’s feeling of guilt may actually berelieved by confessing his sin.

The early Puritans who settled in the United States tried to base their whole morality on guilt and ali psychiatrists know what trouble contemporary Americans have with their consciences. But shame is an increasingly heavy burden in the United States and guilt is less extremely felt than in earlier generations. In the United States this is interpreted as a relaxation of morals. There is much truth in this, but that is because we do not expect shame to do the heavy work of morality. We do not harness the acute personal chagrin which accompanies shame to our fundamental system of morality.

The Japanese do. A failure to follow their explicit signposts of good behavior, a failur et obalanc eobligatio ns or to foresee contingencies is a shame (haji). Shame, they say, is the root of virtue. A man who is sensitive to it will carry out all the rules of good behavior. ‘A man who knows shame’ is sometimes translated ‘virtuous man,’ sometimes ‘man of honor.’ shame has the same place of authority in Japanese ethics that ‘a clear conscience,’ ‘being right with God,’ and the avoidance of sin have in Western ethics. Logically enough, therefore, a man will not be punished in the afterlife. The Japanese-except for priests who know the Indian sutras-are quite unacquainted with the idea of reincarnation dependent upon one’s merit in this life, and-except for some well-instructed Christian converts-they do not recognize post-death reward and punishment or a heaven and ahell.

The primacy of shame in Japanese life means, as it does in any tribe or nation where shame is deeply felt, that any man watches the judgment of the public upon his deeds. He need only fantasy what their verdict will be, but he orients himself toward the verdict of others. When everybody is playing the game by the same rules and mutually supporting each other, the Japanese can belighthearted and easy. They can play the game with fanaticism when they feel it is one which carries out the ‘mission’ of Japan. They are most vulnerable when they attempt to export their virtues into foreign lands where their own formal signposts of good behavior do not hold. They failed in their ‘good will’ mission to Greater East Asia, and the resentment many of them felt at the attitudes of Chinese and Filipinos toward them was genuine enough.

— — Ruth Benedict,The Chrysanthemum and the Sword

在人类学对各种文化的研究中,区别以耻为基调的文化和以罪为基调的文化是一项重要工作。提倡建立道德的绝对标准并且依靠它发展人的良心,这种社会可以定义为“罪感文化”。不过,这种社会的人,例如在美国,在做了并非犯罪的不妥之事时,也会自疚而另有羞耻感。比如,有时因衣着不得体,或者言辞有误,都会感到懊恼。在以耻为主要强制力的文化中,对那些在我们看来应该是感到犯罪的行为,那里的人们则感到懊恼。这种懊恼可能非常强烈,以至不能像罪感那样,可以通过忏悔、赎罪而得到解脱。犯了罪的人可以通过坦白罪行而减轻内心重负。坦白这种手段已运用于世俗心理疗法,许多宗教团体也运用,虽然这两者在其他方面很少共同之处。我们知道,坦白可以解脱。但在以耻为主要强制力的地方,有错误的人即使当众认错,甚至向神父忏悔,也不会感到解脱。他反而会感到,只要不良行为没有暴露在社会上,就不必懊丧,坦白忏悔只能是自寻烦恼。因此,耻感文化中没有坦白忏悔的习惯,甚至对上帝忏悔的习惯也没有。他们有祈祷幸福的仪式,却没有祈祷赎罪的仪式。

真正的罪感文化则依靠罪恶感在内心的反应来做善行。羞耻是对别人批评的反应。一个人感到羞耻,是因为他或者被公开讥笑、排斥,或者他自己感觉被讥笑,不管是哪一种,羞耻感都是一种有效的强制力。但是,羞耻感要求有外人在场,至少要感觉到有外人在场。罪恶感则不是这样。有的民族中,名誉的含义就是按照自己心目中的理想自我而生活,这样,即使恶行未被人发觉,自己也会有罪恶感,而且这种罪恶感会因坦白忏悔而确实得到解脱。

移居美国的清教徒们曾努力把一切道德置于罪恶感的基础之上。所有精神病学者都知道,现代美国人是如何为良心所苦恼。但是在美国,羞耻感正在逐渐加重其分量,而罪恶感则已不如以前那么敏锐。美国人把这种现象解释为道德的松弛。这种解释虽然也包藏着很多真理,但这是因为我们没有指望羞耻感能对道德承担重任。我们也不把伴随耻辱而出现的强烈的个人恼恨纳入我们道德的基本体系。

日本人正是把羞耻感纳入道德体系的。不遵守明确规定的各种善行标志,不能平衡各种义务或者不能预见到偶然性的失误,都是耻辱。他们说,知耻为德行之本。对耻辱敏感就会实践善行的一切准则。“知耻之人” 这句话有时译成 “有德之人”,有时译成 “重名誉之人”。耻感在日本伦理中的权威地位与西方伦理中的 “纯洁良心”、“笃信上帝”、“回避罪恶” 的地位相等。由此得出的逻辑结论则是,人死之后就不会受惩罚。日本人 — — 读过印度经典的僧侣除外一一对那种前世功德、今生受报的轮回报应观念是很陌生的。除了少数皈依基督教的以外,他们不承认死后报应及天堂地狱之说。

耻感在日本人生活中的重要性,恰如一切看重耻辱的部落或民族一样,其意义在于,任何人都十分注意社会对自己行动的评价。他只需推测别人会做出什么样的判断,并针对别人的判断而调整行动。当每个人按照同一规则玩游戏并相互支援时,日本人就会愉快而轻松地参加。当他们感到这是履行日本的“使命”时,他们就会狂热地参加。当他们试图把自己的道德输出到那些并不通行日本的善行标志的外国时,他们就最易遭受攻击。他们“善良”的“大东亚”使命失败了。许多日本人对中国人和菲律宾人所采取的态度实在感到愤慨。

— — 鲁思·本尼迪克特. 菊与刀

鲁思·本尼迪克特把基于基督教的文明归类于罪感文化(Guilt Culture),把日本文明归类于耻感文化(Shame Culture)。她的分类很有意义,但是她简单地认为耻感文化是外在驱动,即缺乏内省。这是错误的。日本人的耻感受儒家文化的影响,但又有自身的特色。

羞耻心

子曰:“道之以政,齐之以刑,民免而无耻;道之以德,齐之以礼,有耻且格。”

[译文]

孔子说:“以政令来管理,以刑法来约束,百姓虽不敢犯罪,但不以犯罪为耻;以道德来引导,以礼法来约束,百姓不仅遵纪守法,而且引以为荣。”

— — 论语‧为政

显然,按照儒学,耻辱是内在的约束。儒家文化也希望通过每个个体以“道德”来进行自我管理。

具体到人的“耻感”是如何得来的,没有公认的明确的定义。通常的解释是因隐私遭侵害,被他人知晓。或者自我一些不荣誉、不成功、不得体等事件,感受到与社会预期不符,或者受到他人指责,所造成的情绪、心理的感受。

日本人的“耻”具有一种独特性,她不是因为你做了不该做的事情,而是当你做了不该做的事情时候,还从中发现了“乐趣”。如果我们深入分析,日本的“耻”,更多是因为享受了不应做的事情所带来的兴奋、快乐,甚至期望但又害怕之中的特别感受。

比如吧,你吃了垃圾食品,知道它对身体不好,但是它好吃啊 — — 事实上,所有的垃圾食品都好吃,反而健康食品中,不少是难吃的。毕竟,为了身体健康吃些难吃的食品是正常的。如果知道不健康,又不好吃还要吃,实在不符合人性。

《女郎漫游仙境》剧照,极“耻”实验

食色性也,《蒲公英》中的食色,到了《女郎漫游仙境》(The Excitement of the Do-Re-Mi-Fa Girl,日语:ドレミファ娘の血は騒ぐ ,1985。IMDb: tt0214636),就算是对色的科学实验吧。

繁花走线,2023年2月11,14,15修改

关注我,我们一起看花开花落;分享我,此生艰难,唯有结缘;

— — 繁花走线

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繁花走線 - Blooming Runner

此世 如行在地狱之上 凝视繁花 - The world is a flower viewing party on hell